Abstract and Executive Overview of Y2K

What is the Y2K issue? This paper will describe the problems associated with Y2K and how Industry, Government, and Small Businesses are handling the problem. The first chapter introduces the Y2K issues. Chapter 2 will define how this affects the different businesses and Government agencies. Chapter 3 will develop an overall plan on how to attack the problem and recommendations. The majority of this paper will develop a plan on how each of the businesses and Government agencies should attack the Y2K problems. There should be a logical approach to planning how to investigate, test, validate, and if required, develop a contingency plan for Y2K. The job is to either form a team of personnel or hire a consulting firm to assess your situation. The team should employ the following steps: assess the system, renovate the system if necessary, validate the renovation if necessary, implement the renovation if necessary, test the renovation if necessary, and finally have a contingency plan in the event that renovating the system is not feasible and/or is too late. The only necessary or required action is to assess the system. This will be discussed in detail in my paper. The real issue is that less than a year remains before the year 2000 problems are here. The recommendation is to begin working this issue now. It may be too late, but that is when the contingency plan comes in handy. 2. What impacts are they†re to Government, Industry, and Small Business? 3. What can Government, Industry, and Small Business Do to Combat the Y2K Issues? There are actually more dates than just the year 2000 date. There are dates that can impact the leap year algorithms; Julian dates, fiscal year dates, calendar dates, and ASCII code dates. The top dates that need to be checked are: 1. 9 September 1999. This date can be read in code as 9999. In computer language, specifically ASCII code, this translates into a request for the processor to stop processing. 2. 1 October 1999. This is the start of the new Fiscal year for the Government (FY00). The algorithm for this may not be able to go from FY99 to FY00. 3. 31 December 1999. At midnight, the date rolls over to 1 January 2000. This problem can exist in two areas. The first is in the BIOS†s that exist for most desktop machines. The BIOS†s normally contain the clock and date data. The operator updates this data, when the system is first turned on and is continuously updated by the computer from then on. The problem is that older versions of BIO software recorded the date in two year digits (99, instead of 1999) so that once the date rolls into the year 2000, the BIOS†s can not understand the rolling of the year and moves it back to 14 Jan 80, the default year date. The other problem is in the application software that uses the two-year date. The application software uses algorithms to roll over the dates and can not roll to the year 2000 date. It normally has to be manually input to get to the new date. 4. 28 February 2000. At midnight, the date should roll over to 29 February 2000. This is determined in the software by an algorithm that checks to see if the current year is a leap year. If it is a leap year then it should roll to 29 February 2000, if it can not determine the leap year, then it will jump to 1 March 2000. 5. 29 February 2000. This is almost the same problem as 28 February 2000. It will try to calculate the fact it is a leap year and roll the date to 1 March 2000. If it can not determine that it is the leap year, it will either go to 2 March 2000 or it will provide an incorrect date. There are several other dates that are important, based on each application software package, and needs. Examples are, a bank computer uses COBOL software that does not calculate the dates well, FORTRAN software used in scientific research does not do dates well, and older versions of Microsoft software used the two-year digit dates. The different application software packages that are available for computers are beginning to fix the year 2000 problem in the next revision and/or update. The problems that are being encountered are that the updates may not be compatible with the data that goes with the application software. An example is that Microsoft Access 2.0 is not year 2000 compliant. To upgrade to a compliant version, the original data associated with Access 2.0 will not run on the upgrade version. In addition, the upgrade Access will not operate on the old versions of Microsoft Windows. Therefore, additional problems are beginning to come into focus with the year 2000 issue. Another issue is all the databases that are used. Relational databases use date fields as part of wildcard actions, used as sorting identification, as grouping actions, and as part of daily identification. Some specific examples are: simple databases, such as the window explorer allow you to view and sort files in a date/time field. If this date field were only two digits, then it would incorrectly sort the files (year 00 would be first rather than last). Another example is a large database that is used to match names with addresses and billing statements. This database would need to flag dates with the billing statements. If the dates were incorrect or not sorted correctly, then the billing statements would be invalidated. As discussed, there are several issues when dealing with Y2K. These issues have a direct impact on both Government and Industry. What impacts are they†re to Government, Industry, and Small Business? There are several impacts to Government, Industry, and Small Business. Dates that can impact the leap year algorithms; Julian dates, fiscal year dates, calendar dates, and ASCII code dates. These dates were discussed in chapter 1. Now we will discuss the ramifications to the new dates. For the Government, the dates will have a major impact across the board. Every Government agency, from Federal to City, will be impacted. The Federal Government uses computers on a daily basis and without them, the Federal Government would not be able to operate. Some specific examples are in the Department of Commerce, Department of Defense, and the Department of Justice. The Department of Commerce utilizes computers to run the National Oceanic Atmospheric Association (NOAA) systems that are used to chase Hurricanes. The problem is that several of the computers are used to log different data and use date/time stamping with that data. This data is later analyzed to try and map hurricanes for the future. If the Y2K issues are not resolved, important data will be lost. The Department of Defense also uses computers to a very large extent. This is especially true for the DOD large complex machinery used to defend the country. There are very few parts of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines that do not use computers. Computers are the backbone to DOD and without them, there is a real fear that our armed forces would not be able to defend this country. The Department of Justice has an even worse problem. They are charged with keeping track of criminals and federal indictments across the country. Because of the complexity of the laws, if the computers used to keep track of indictments and criminal records are not Y2K compliant, then the Justice system could have criminals cleared of any wrong doing because of a simple date issue. It is well known that if the date or address were wrong on an indictment or a search warrant, anything found because of the indictment or warrant would not be used in court. Industry has the same basic problems that the Government would have. They rely on computers in almost every aspect of the business. From robotic assembly lines to employee payroll, all of industry relies on the computer to run its day to day operation. The problem that both industry and Government have is that there was no contingency to the Y2K issue. Both industry and Government have several backup systems. An example is that major banks will have the main frame computer in one location and a hot backup in a totally different location. Take Nations Bank. Nations Bank may have its primary mainframe computer, for all its checking accounts, here in town. There is a hot backup (a hot backup is a main frame computer that records the same exact information that the mainframe computer is recording, but it does not handle any transactions, just records the information) that is located in a different part of the country, say Colorado. In this way, if a major hurricane were to devastate Tampa, the hot backup would come on line take over the responsibility of the mainframe. In this way, vital information would not be lost. This was all thought out years before, but not Y2K. Y2K would impact both mainframes (the primary and the backup) and all the data would be corrupted. The problem with small business is that it relies on the computer to do many of its tasks that employees used to do. In small business, people were employed to handle payroll, marketing, office management, files, record keeping, and profit/loss ledgers. These people were replaced with the advent of the computer. Now any small business could operate without minimal employees. The office manager could now handle payroll, marketing, files, records, and ledgers right on the computer. The computer became the key piece of equipment for the small business. Without the computer, small businesses could not stay in operation. Look at a small business that provides hearing aids to the general public. Besides the payroll, this small business will keep all its customers accounts in a simple database. This database will be used to notify the business when the hearing aid needs servicing, additional hearing tests should be done, replacement batteries, and payment schedules. This is just the tip of the database. The database would also be used to send out flyers on new technology, discounts, and will serve as the business mailing lists. Without this computer, the small business would need to hire additional personnel and return to paper and pencil to operate. What can Government, Industry, and Small Business Do to Combat the Y2K Issues? For both Government and Industry, it will not be a problem to combat Y2K. There is work already being done to correct the problems. Both agencies, through consulting agencies and internal working groups, have developed a series of plans to combat the Y2K issue. The standard procedure is to first do an inventory and assessment on the agency. After the assessment is done, a renovation plan is developed to renovate the different systems. After renovation is completed, the system is placed into the validation phase, where it is tested using the different Y2K dates to ensure that no problems are encountered. After the testing is completed and the validation is verified, then the implementation phase is started. The implementation phase is to implement the system into action, and begin watching the system during the actual crossover dates. The cost to perform all of the plans and phases are high. On most major DOD systems, the cost ranges from $100 Thousand to over $5 Million. For industry, their costs are about the same. It does not matter if the agency does it internally or hires consultants to perform the work. The costs are normally high. These costs are absorbed in industry and/or in the Government by the consumer and/or taxpayer. Industry will pass the costs to the consumer by increasing its price on the product. The Government will either increase taxes or modify the budget to get the necessary funds to ensure Y2K compliance. The real problem lies with small business. The plans and phases that were developed by industry and Government must also be accomplished by small business. The problem is that small business does not have the money to expend on the Y2K issue. Small businesses do not have the overhead or capital to afford to test its systems and ensure that Y2K problems do not exist in its machine. Since most small businesses do not rely on consultants and do not have a computer expert on the payroll, then small businesses must rely on the software companies to ensure that the computer is Y2K compliant. Since they do not have the funds to try and make their systems Y2K compliant, then the small business must rely on Macintosh, Microsoft, and other large software companies to ensure that the software is compliant. This becomes a real issue for the small business. The major software companies have problems with ensuring that the software they are selling is Y2K compliant. An example is that Microsoft Windows 98 may be compliant, as far as the Y2K issue is concerned. But any other application software that is used with Windows 98 may not be compliant, making the system non-compliant. Microsoft can not be held responsible for other software packages built by other software companies. In addition, most software companies will not support older versions of its software. An example is that Microsoft will not support Windows version 3.1. This is based on the availability of newer versions of Windows being available to the consumer. So where does this leave the small business? The small business is in a delicate situation. The recommendation for small business is to work through the chamber of commerce and pool the resources that each small business has to get the support it needs. There is Federal and Local assistance available to help small business ensure that the Y2K issue is resolved prior to the actual dates. The real problem is that if the small business does not recognize that it has a problem, then it will not work to fix the Y2K issue in time. By combining their resources and working with the local chambers, a network of consultants could work together to fix the problem before the actual Y2K dates have come. The only other option would be to spend the money to go through the same plans and phases that the Government and Industry goes through to fix the Y2K issue. This cost would be too high for small business. The final option would be for the small business to cross his fingers and hope for the best. This would be the last option for the businessperson to work with.

Use Of Social Networking Sites On An Individual s Mental...

Question: What are the effects (if there are any) of the use of Social Networking Sites on an individual’s mental health? Abstract This paper takes a comprehensive look at the effects of the use of social networking sites on an individual’s mental and psychological health. Are the effects positive, negative or can they be both? This article will look at the work of scholars who differ in opinion and discuss what else can be done to help form a concrete answer and solution to the question. Most of the theoretical perspectives used in the research for this paper are based on the use of quantitative methods such as surveys, statistics and experiments. The most relevant theory in his field appears to be the Uses and Gratifications Theory.†¦show more content†¦On its surface, the effects of using these social networking sites seem fairly harmless. Many scholars state that social networking sites allow close friends or family members to stay in contact with one another and they also allow connections (business or social) to be made with individuals that an individual may not ever come into contact wit h possible. On the other side of the spectrum, some scholars argue that there are negative effects that can be linked to the use of social networking sites. There have been studies conducted that link the use of social networking sites to mental and psychological issues such as depression, low self-esteem and diminishing social interaction skills. This paper will take a look at the research that has been conducted in the field of mental health as it relates to the use of social networking sites. Multiple literary works will be used to give the reader a comprehensive and accurate look at how the use of social networking sites can have both positive and negative effects on an individual’s mental and psychological health on an elementary level. Method The resources that were used to gather data and information in regard to the topic at hand were mostly gathered using Georgia State University’s Library and its online search engines such as Galileo and EBSCO. The search engines were used by placing key words (mental health, social media, etc.) into them which led to the discovery of multiple

Graduate Study Challenges and Strategies for Success Essay

Running head: GRADUATE STUDY CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES FOR SUCCESS Graduate Study Challenges and Strategies for Success Graduates Study Challenges and Strategies for Success Making my decision to go to graduate school through an online program was difficult. I had no idea what to expect. However, with my administrator’s advice and encouragement, I decided to start on this new endeavor and take the challenge. My only experience as a student has been the traditional classroom, which alone produces in me a set of uncertainties about the challenges I will face. The unfamiliar setting, communicating through writing and being good at research are my three challenging areas. In order to juggle these and many my other responsibilities†¦show more content†¦This may require efforts on my part to get assistance and use all resources available to proof read my work and remember to use the spell check tool prior to summiting my responses and written assignments. I find a very useful tool the PowerPoint presentation by the instructor titled â€Å"Pitfalls to Avoid in Writing.† Another useful source is the slides provided as part of week one materials on APA Citation Information and Creating Reference Pages in the APA Format. They are both easy and quick sources of information. A program that I still need to incorporate in my work is PERRLA. Again, this is another one of those bumps on the road that I am determined to jump successfully. Research usually requires an overwhelming amount of structured reading. Becoming good in this area is challenging to me because I must find the time to engage in hours of finding sources and material to read regarding a topic of interest in which focused attention is vital. Oftentimes, finding a topic alone is frustrating. Or, I may have a thought but, I may have difficulty to narrowing down my ideas. I may have to start by getting involved in my community. 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Comparing Where Are you going, Where Have You Been and...

Authors of great stories often use good technical writing skills. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast two short stories: Where Are you going, Where Have You Been by Joyce Carol Oates and Hills Like White Elephants by Earnest Hemingway. The comparison and contrast will be done based on their use of plot, point of view and character development. The short story where are you going, where have you been is about a teenage girl who is, vain, self-doubting and affixed in the present. She does not know anything about the past or doubts it and has no plan of the future. She argues with her mother and she thinks she is jealous of her. The start of the plot is not very dramatic rather it is more like an introduction. We get a good†¦show more content†¦We just find them sitting at the train station having a dialogue. The reader has to follow the symbols and their conversation closely to interpret them in his/her own way. The conflict, which is the girls pregnancy followed by, the complication, which is the decision she has to make whether to go through the abortion, or not is not clearly stated. Even the word pregnancy or abortion is not mentioned in the story. In where are you going, where have you been the major conflict is the lack of self-confidence and immaturity of Connie. From that, the complication of being stalked by Arnold arises. The author does not just tell us Connie is a naive girl but discusses her actions and lack of actions leading us to believe so. Because of that, by the time the complication start taking shape, the reader can almost guess what would be next, that is Arnold is one of the boys that are Connie’s age. Knowing a lot about Connie by now, we will guess after being reluctant for a while she will take off with him like she has done before so many times, there how ever is a surprise waiting. 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Beauty and the Beast Anorexia Essay Example For Students

Beauty and the Beast Anorexia Essay It seemed to me that the older I got, the more obsessed people seemed about their bodies. Whether it was the diet soda boom of the 80s, or the fact everyone has always been unhappy with his or her natural bodies; it just took me a while to comprehend. It always seemed like there were diets here, diets there; these drugs can do this, or these herbs can do that Stop the insanity! This paper is going to discuss anorexia nervosa, an alarming disease that is usually developed during puberty of both boys and girls. Like bulimia, in which the subject binges and then disposes of ingested food by purging or use of laxatives, those suffering anorexia nervosa have an obsession with the amount of fat on her body (although one of every ten suffering this disease are male, I will use the female pronoun since they are the majority). This results in the loss of appetite completely and dangerous weight loss. More than thirty years ago one of this centurys major sex symbols sang, Happy Birthday, Mr. President, on television. With her size fourteen to sixteen figure, it is doubtful that societys standards would approve Marilyn Monroe today. Back in those days men and women alike ate what tasted good or what the body needed and simply bought clothes that would hide any unwanted weight gain. Today the story is different. Psychologists that study the influence of television on children say that television is the most influential medium in our visually orientated society (Velette, 1988, p. 3). With the influence of television and celebrity role models, children dont care that they see a variety of sizes outside of their home, what they care about are the majority of people shown on the television set, perfect. Teenagers have typically watched 15,000 hours of television in their lifetime (Valette, 1988, p.4), absorbing the opinions on the shows or the commercials burning into their retinas. The message transmitted: To be successful, beautiful, popular, and loved you must be thin, you must be thin, you must be THIN. After a lifetime of hearing this message over and over and over again, children may not think there is any reason to be happy with what they are and feel thinness is the ultimate goal to be happy and accepted by others. As a result, some children may skip breakfast, eat a little for lunch, or even adopt some form of diet. This may only last for a week or so, but for others, the obsession of thinness is higher and the price they pay is frightening. This paper is going to discuss the cycles of anorexia nervosa. It will detail the symptoms, behavior, and clinical observations. It will describe the possible causes of anorexia nervosa through childhood growth and puberty, childhood eating and social behavior, and the maturation of children during puberty. Finally, I will discuss the treatment and results of treatment for anorexia nervosa. Before diving into the details of anorexia nervosa, there are a few individual traits that may appear in a person that may have an eating disorder: low self-esteem, feelings of ineffectiveness or perfectionism, issues of control, and fear of maturation. The more physical description is chilling. The anorectic victim does not look thin as societys standards portray, but are in fact a walking skeleton with the absence of subcutaneous fat. Her weight may range from as little as 56-70 pounds or 77-91 pounds. Though clothes are likely to cover most of her figure, her face appears gaunt and her skin is cold and red or blue in color. Do to the lack of fat in her body, her menstrual cycle is likely to have ceased. Despite these conditions, she still sees herself overweight and thus unacceptable. Thinness is idealism and perfection. It is her independent choice that no one else can take away from her. At the beginning of anorexia nervosa the subject will first change her diet, restricting how much she eats and usually cutting out starchy foods. Seventy-percent of a particular study claimed they were simply dieting. The rest used excuses of abdominal pain, difficulty swallowing, or simply a lack of appetite (Dally, 1979, p. 14). Those dieting had innocent intentions at first, even the approval of family members or peers, but as they reached their target weight the dieting did not slow down. In some cases it only became more intense. Hunger does not just disappear into thin air. There is a long and hard battle against stomach pains, sometimes resulting in lapses. However, the guilt or disgust felt from giving into the temptation of food results in more willpower for resisting food in the future. The process of eliminating hunger usually takes up to a year (Dally, 1979, p.14). Jane Smiley's A Thousand Acres tells a dark tale o Essay However, when a patient is difficult, she will be restrained to her bed and tube fed until she eats regularly. The next step is cognitive treatment, also known as the Interview. In this step the therapist can really build a case on the patient and listen to her story. Questions will be asked about what she thinks of her body, usually with negative results. On the other hand, when asked about another anorectic with the same weight and height, the subject studied will comment on how she is too thin. She will also be asked questions such as, What worst thing that could happen if you ate more? Questions like these may bring a reality into the anorectics mind after similar questions are brought up to think about (Long, 1992). Once both weight and clear thinking is resolved, the patient is ready to return home. Like alcoholics and other substance abusers, once freedom is allowed, chances of relapse are possible. The therapist must make sure the patient is self-disciplined with lifetime goals by resolving any emotional conflicts that may lead the patient back to her previous lifestyle for satisfaction. It is also important for the family of the anorectic to attend family therapy as well, to get over being too protective or in denial of any conflicts and to approach the problem of their daughter or son in a different fashion. The support of peers and family are very important for the anorectic so not to return to the self-satisfying lifestyle of pursuing a perfect weight. Anorexia nervosa is a frightening disease for the families and for society to deal with. As social animals, the signals sent out by the people around us and the media tell us that if we want to be happy, successful, or loved we need to be thin and beautiful. When we were children our mom would be talking on the phone to a friend, I think Jennifer could date Mike easily if she just lost 15 pounds. Almost every female is envious of another and unhappy with the body that she is blessed to have. Being skinny has been pounded into our minds since the day we develop self-esteem by those depicted on television and the natural need to feel desired or accepted by others. When I was in high school I was always self-conscious about how others viewed my physical appearance. I would compare my body to that of other girls in the class. I went on varying diets, from eating healthier food to crash diets. It was a ridiculous mindset when I look back upon it. It wasnt until my last year of high school that I decided that I was happy with my appearance and did not need to be preoccupied by what others thought of me or what the media told me I should be. What was frightening to me was learning in health class about anorexia and bulimia and in the back of my mind thinking of those ruinous lifestyles as future alternatives. Afterwards, I thought about how many other girls in that class, or that has seen that video, were thinking the same thing and possibly acting upon these thoughts. What can parents and peers do about this problem? With 1 out of every 500 teenage girls suffering this disease, I believe parents and teachers should be educated about the subject, this way as soon as symptoms become apparent, intervention occurs before major growing or developing problems may occur. We cannot change societys general view of what perfection is, or expect influences to consider what it has done to the self-esteem of our children. However, we can influence the way our children view weight and physical appearance by teaching them how to accept who they are. This may be accomplished by explaining the natural changes in their bodies during puberty and offering healthy approaches towards building self-confidence such as activities that do not revolve around physical ability or appearance. Children cannot help but absorb the world around them, it is our duty as adults to help them filter out what may lead to self-destruction. Bibliography:ReferencesBanks, Tyra. (1998). Tyras beauty: inside and out. New York. Harper Pernnial. Berk, Laura E. (1997). Child development. Boston. Allen and Bacon. Crisp, A.H. (1980). Anorexia nervosa: let me be. London. Academic Press Inc. Dally, Peter and Gomez, Joan. (1979). Anorexia nervosa. London. William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd. Long, Phillip W. (1997). Eating disorders. Harvard Mental Health Letter, 9. 47 paragraphs. Online. Available at http://www. mentalhealth.com/mag1/p5h-et03.html 1999, March 1. Valette, Brett. (1988). A parents guide to eating disorders. New York. Walker

Martin Luther King Junior Essays - Anglican Saints,

Martin Luther King Junior On a typical day in 1929 a man was born. A man that would follow in his fathers footsteps to become a great American leader. Not only a leader, but also someone that would inspire people of all generations. A man that cared about his fellow people and would not give up for anything. He would try to fight. Try to win. Try to claim peace for our world. This man is the one and only Martin Luther King Junior. This man is one of history's best-loved and honored inspirations. Born in Atlanta, Georgia, Martin Luther King Junior was brought into our world with what seemed as though a candle burning in his heart. Flickering to achieve goals, and giving light and love to our fellow people. As a child he would live a life that to him wasn't fit for him. His friends seemed to be only people that looked the same as him. The same skin color. During the early days of his life, he couldn't understand why. Although he only talked to people of his own race he was satisfied, but not for long. As he grew older he began to understand. He was finally realizing why he was trapped behind the wall of prejudice. The thoughts in his mind began to expand into a world that was impossible to live with. He began to struggle in school and daily life at home. His thoughts were locked on only one target. Martin Luther King Junior graduated from Morehouse College in Georgia in 1948 and he was ready to take responsibilities like an adult. 3 years later in 1955 he graduated from Crozer Theological Seminary. His parents loved his great learning abilities but often expected more from him. They were proud yet commanding. He studied hard to make his parents proud, but he felt that it was also a huge benefit for him as well. He took a Ph.D. from Boston University in 1955 and was on the highway to success. He had a good education, a steady family, and that was not all. While going to school at Boston University Martin Luther King Junior met his future wife. He didn't know the true meaning of love until he found her. His life changed, and would never again be the same. Along with a new wife new responsibilities. Coretta Scott and Martin Luther King Junior wed. Shortly after their marriage they had four kids together. In Martin's opinion, he was the luckiest man in the world. To him nothing could be better than a healthy happy marriage, and healthy happy kids. He had his life laid out like a sleeping bag. If you think back on the life that Martin Luther King lived, he gave his heart and soul into what he believed, and he wouldn't give up until he achieved his goal that was on the top of his list. I'm sure that his list was very long list, and I know that in his lifetime he achieved every single one of them. I truly see how Martin Luther King Junior is a remarkable piece of history, and that he is an inspiration for freedom. In 1953 Martin became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery. He decided that fighting for what he believed in was the right thing to do. In 1957 Martin Luther King Junior was chosen to be president of the newly formed Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Formally known as SCLC. He began to

12 Legit Websites Where Writers Can Earn Money

12 Legit Websites Where Writers Can Earn Money They say if youre good at something, never do it for free. For writers, artists and editors, this is especially true. Oftentimes, freelancers of an artistic persuasion are expected to work for exposure or to volunteer their services for friends and families. While these opportunities can be important stepping stones toward a professional career, there comes a time when writers need to be paid for their expertise. I spend a lot of time writing about resources for writers, how much they cost, what they offer and whether they are worth it for authors and editors. Today I want to talk about a few websites where a writers investment in their abilities can (literally) begin to pay off.ServiceScapeLets get this one out of the way. I work for Servicescape, and its mostly excellent, at least as a supplementary income. The layout of the website is intuitive and clients come to the writer, rather than the author seeking them out. ServiceScape allows authors to set their own prices, and the amou nt of work they receive will be proportional to the quality of the service they provide as determined by the clients. Happy clients generate more clients, and consistently happy clients will produce a correlated increase in earning. Furthermore, credentials are confirmed by ServiceScape, so all of your writing and editing credentials, degrees or other certifications, can be displayed prominently. A university degree or an English as a second language teaching certificate will be a big draw for clients.UpworkUpwork is a reasonable competitor to ServiceScape, but uses a more common project structure where writers seek out assignments and apply to them individually, rather than being sought out by clients. It takes a long time working with Upwork before clients begin to seek out the author, and this means that Upwork requires time dedicated to hunting down jobs. It can be frustrating to spend time searching for work, rather than working. That being said, once the application process be comes familiar and streamlined, Upwork can offer more opportunities than most freelancing websites. Unlike sites like ServiceScape, where there is little room to approach new clients within the structure of the site, Upwork allows writers to invest time seeking out new projects. Authors who value money over time will find Upwork is a good investment.ClearVoiceClearVoice is similar to Upwork and to ServiceScape in many ways. Like ServiceScape, ClearVoice allows a freelancer to develop their online portfolio, set their own rates, and verify their credentials. Then, like Upwork, ClearVoice links freelancers with clients. Unlike Upwork however, which places the stress of finding clients on the shoulders of the freelancer, ClearVoice directs clients toward writers and editors who match their profile, and this results in less time spent seeking new clients, and more time spent writing, editing, and making money. Authors can pitch directly to clients, but wont have to rely solely on market ing themselves: theoretically ClearVoice is a happy medium between the ServiceScape and Upwork styles of matching clients to freelancers.UpworthyUpworthy deals with projects that address social justice and positive news, and if you have unpublished work on those topics, you could do worse than to pitch the article to Upworthy. Upworthy is unlike either ServiceScape or Upwork, which both support their authors and provide a variety of opportunities. Unlike Upwork and ServiceScape, Upworthy relies on pitches from authors, which only pay out if they are accepted. This is the norm for the industry, and ServiceScape and Upwork are (for the most part) the exceptions to the rule. For this reason, Upworthy is a better place to start publishing, or seek initial publishing credits. If your work is accepted, the payout will be around twenty-five cents a word. Rather than a consistent income, Upworthy is better considered a publishing opportunity.ListverseThe content on Listverse is exactly what you might imagine. Top-ten lists and other bite-sized content articles, a product of the clickbait Internet environment, are Listverses primary product. While far from the most prestigious use of ones talent for writing, Listverse pays. For each article the payout is $100 sent directly to your PayPal. The site doesnt require any credentials or special qualifications, but articles may not be accepted if they dont hold up to a certain standard, or if they are humorless or boring. The only other benefit to Listverse is the opportunity to plug a personal project – they allow writers to tie a Twitter handle, blog or author interview to their submitted article.GuidepostsGuideposts is a spiritual or inspirational online publisher. They seek out works of approximately 1,500 words, and they pay out a little over $100 for each accepted submission. Like Listverse and Upworthy, submission does not necessarily mean a payout is guaranteed, and in the case of Guideposts, the stories must b e inspiring and true- this can be a hard niche to hit. The nice thing about the site is that they are very clear about what is required in a pitch, and following their formatting is likely to put you in a good position to see your work accepted.The New York Times (Modern Love)For a more prestigious example of paying work, freelancers can submit work to the New York Times Modern Love column. For these submissions, works should be 1,500-1,700 words, should cover a true story, and should be previously unpublished. Successful submissions usually offer a higher payout than similar sites, though the exact payout varies. Along with the income from each successful submission, applying to organizations such as The New York Times will help authors build a portfolio of published work, and develop professional connections which can be useful in expanding freelancing opportunities.SmithsonianThe Smithsonian has one of the highest payouts for submitted articles, ranging from $300-$500 for accepte d pieces. In this case, submissions must be from established freelance authors: you must be able to provide links to previously published works, with other reputable sites. This is where the publishing credits from The New York Times will come in handy. On top of this possibility to make a reasonable wage, the Smithsonian application process is streamlined and allows quick submissions via a well-designed web-app.ViceVice offers excellent opportunities for hard-hitting articles, but are perhaps the least likely of websites on this list to accept a submission. What Vice looks for is a modern voice, telling a previously untold and unpublished story. If the article is dull, or uninspired, it quickly hits the slush pile. Vices pay rates are varied, but they address all manner of topics: lifestyle, politics, and travel among them. The reward for the challenge of publishing with Vice is the writing credit that comes along with it, and the exposure that Vice articles tend to offer their aut hors.FreedomWithWritingFreedomWithWriting places emphasis on matching freelancers with paying clients. They offer $30-$100 for list articles, and $30-$150 for how-to articles, and other content. This is a huge variance, so writers submitting work here should be wary that they are paid the amount they deserve. In addition, FreedomWithWriting is one of the few websites that seeks novel-length submissions. Their query pages state that 10,000-word novels are usually valued at around $500, which can be an interesting opportunity for amateur novelists, or for a freelancer seeking a significant publishing credit.CosmopolitanCosmopolitan is an established and well-regarded magazine, and like Vice, is valuable because it helps freelancers produce a professional portfolio and develop industry connections. Like the Smithsonian, Cosmopolitan has a streamlined and professional web application, which makes submitting articles quick and painless. Though their website claims to accept previously pu blished material, it is unlikely that articles of that nature will be accepted under normal circumstances. Cosmopolitan pays about $100 for each submission and is currently seeking essays about experiences in college.The Take AwayIt is possible to make a living writing online, so long as freelancers leverage the skills which they have developed; and so long as they dont settle for low paying or unpaid gigs. The first three websites on this list are where aspiring freelancers should start, and where established freelancers should consider expanding. Upwork, ServiceScape and ClearVoice all offer extensive support for freelancers as they build a pool of clients.The other sites on this list will help further develop a professionals portfolio as they grow a curriculum vitae of satisfied customers. Publishing with established media giants such as The New York Times, Vice, Cosmopolitan, and the Smithsonian, is essential to a freelancer hoping to demonstrate their value. Finally, there are the in-between jobs. Listverse, Guideposts, and other websites with pay on demand are often useful for filling in gaps each month, or when clients are sparse.