Leonardo da Vinci :: Essays Papers

da Vinci da Vincida Vinci was born on April 15, 1452, near the town of Vinci. His artistic endowment revealed itself early, for he was apprenticed in 1469 to a leading Renaissance master. In the Florence instituteshop, where he remained until 1476, Leonardo acquired a variety of skills. He entered the painters guild in 1472, and his early works date from this time. Works such as the Madonna with the stock which although are traditional, include detail such as curling hair which save Leonardo could have done. In 1478 he was asked to paint an altar writing for the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. Three years later he painted the Adoration of the Magi for the monastery of San Donato a Scopeto. It is the most important of all his early paintings. In it, Leonardo shows for the first base time his method of organizing figures into a pyramid shape, so that interest is focused on the principal subject. This consider was interrupted when Leonardo left Florence for Milan about 1 482. Leonardo worked for Duke Lodovico Sforza in Milan for nearly 18 years. Although he was still an artist, painting portraits, he began to conk interested in the mechanic and scientific field. But these interests did not tab him from completing his most famous work, The last supper.In 1499 Leonardo left Milan to regulate another job. For about four years, he switched from job to job. He returned to Florence in 1503, and attempted several significant artistic projects, including the Battle of Anghiari mural for the council chamber of the township Hall, the portrait of Mona Lisa, and the lost Leda and the Swan. Around this time he began to become to a greater extent involved in anatomy and performed some dissections.Leonardo returned to Milan in June 1506. He was called to work for the new French government. He remained in Milan for 7 years. The artistic project on which he focused at this time was the equestrian monument to Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, which was likewise never comp leted. Around this time he became so involved in science that his art became a reflection of it.Leonardo da Vinci Essays PapersLeonardo da VinciLeonardo was born on April 15, 1452, near the town of Vinci. His artistic talent revealed itself early, for he was apprenticed in 1469 to a leading Renaissance master. In the Florence workshop, where he remained until 1476, Leonardo acquired a variety of skills. He entered the painters guild in 1472, and his earliest works date from this time. Works such as the Madonna with the carnation which although are traditional, include detail such as curling hair which only Leonardo could have done. In 1478 he was asked to paint an altar piece for the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. Three years later he painted the Adoration of the Magi for the monastery of San Donato a Scopeto. It is the most important of all his early paintings. In it, Leonardo shows for the first time his method of organizing figures into a pyramid shape, so that interes t is focused on the principal subject. This project was interrupted when Leonardo left Florence for Milan about 1482. Leonardo worked for Duke Lodovico Sforza in Milan for nearly 18 years. Although he was still an artist, painting portraits, he began to become interested in the mechanic and scientific field. But these interests did not stop him from completing his most famous work, The last supper.In 1499 Leonardo left Milan to find another job. For about four years, he switched from job to job. He returned to Florence in 1503, and attempted several significant artistic projects, including the Battle of Anghiari mural for the council chamber of the Town Hall, the portrait of Mona Lisa, and the lost Leda and the Swan. Around this time he began to become more involved in anatomy and performed some dissections.Leonardo returned to Milan in June 1506. He was called to work for the new French government. He remained in Milan for 7 years. The artistic project on which he focused at this time was the equestrian monument to Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, which was also never completed. Around this time he became so involved in science that his art became a reflection of it.

Advertising :: essays research papers

For this newspaper report I give birth selected twain ads for sparkles to Greece in the Hellenic newspaper, the Orthodox Observer. The travel agencies hither are"MARKOS spark off SERVICE" and "PHAROS TRAVEL". Both ads offer trips toGreece with re in ally good deals from all over the linked States.     "Markos Travel Service" offers non-stop flights on Jumbo 747 withOlympic Air expressions and says that it has unbelievable low rates from anywhere inthe United States. The prices at "Markos Travel Service blend in from $289.00 theone way book which departs from New York (JFK) and arrives in AthensGreece, and the round trip ticket starts from $489.00. Now with "PHAROSTRAVEL" he has the one way ticket $299.00 and the round trip $498.00 plus tax(which usually the tax ranges among $40-60.00 .This travel agency ad tells usabout the childrens fare as well as and it also gives a 20% off implication to all corporateaccounts with either domestic or international trips. It also deals with add onfrom all over the United States besides and it actually gives us the prices to it.      "MARKOS TRAVEL SERVICE" doesnt show these features in its ad noteven for the childrens price or the discount price. An opposite difference betweenthe two is that "MARKOS TRAVEL SERVICE" has only one office in Connecticutbut "PHAROS TRAVEL" has two locations, one in Manhattan and the other onein Astoria, which makes it much more easier to go too. Both of the travel agencies ads gives us a nation wide toll-free number so you put forward call them fromwherever you are without you being charged.     I consider the "PHAROS TRAVEL" ad much more potent than the"MARKOS SERVICE TRAVEL" because initiatory of all "PHAROS TRAVEL" is muchmore known and has many more years than "MARKOS SERVICE TRAVEL" in         &nb sp                               business. Also because its ad has everything fundamentally there about what youneed to know, far more details and I can say more reasonable prices. "MARKOSTRAVEL SERVICE" may have on the add cheaper prices but when you call inAdvertising essays research papers For this newspaper report I have selected two ads for trips to Greece in theGreek newspaper, the Orthodox Observer. The travel agencies here are"MARKOS TRAVEL SERVICE" and "PHAROS TRAVEL". Both ads offer trips toGreece with really good deals from all over the United States.     "Markos Travel Service" offers non-stop flights on Jumbo 747 withOlympic Airways and says that it has unbelievable low rates from anywhere inthe United States. The prices at "Markos Travel Service start from $289.00 theone way ticket which d eparts from New York (JFK) and arrives in AthensGreece, and the round trip ticket starts from $489.00. Now with "PHAROSTRAVEL" he has the one way ticket $299.00 and the round trip $498.00 plus tax(which usually the tax ranges between $40-60.00 .This travel agency ad tells usabout the childrens fare too and it also gives a 20% off discount to all corporateaccounts with either domestic or international trips. It also deals with add onfrom all over the United States too and it actually gives us the prices to it.      "MARKOS TRAVEL SERVICE" doesnt show these features in its ad noteven for the childrens price or the discount price. Another difference betweenthe two is that "MARKOS TRAVEL SERVICE" has only one office in Connecticutbut "PHAROS TRAVEL" has two locations, one in Manhattan and the other onein Astoria, which makes it much more easier to go too. Both of the travel agencies ads gives us a nation wide toll-free number so you ca n call them fromwherever you are without you being charged.     I consider the "PHAROS TRAVEL" ad much more effective than the"MARKOS SERVICE TRAVEL" because first of all "PHAROS TRAVEL" is muchmore known and has many more years than "MARKOS SERVICE TRAVEL" in                                         business. Also because its ad has everything basically there about what youneed to know, far more details and I can say more reasonable prices. "MARKOSTRAVEL SERVICE" may have on the add cheaper prices but when you call in

An Ethical Evaluation of Peer-to-Peer File Swapping Essays -- File Sha

An Ethical Evaluation of Peer-to-Peer File Swapping AbstractThe last few years has seen an explosion in the use of the Internet as a means for exchanging, free of charge, digital media by way of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) file sharing technologies. Initially, the dedicate was primarily limited to the swapping of music, in the form of MP3 files. The pervasiveness of broadband, the advent of newer file types, and the population of more sophisticated technologies has subsequently made possible the exchange of other types as well including movies, television shows and software. Again, for free.In this paper, we result explore the ethical considerations of this practice as it relates to Intellectual Property (IP) whether protected by copyright law or not. We will concentrate primarily on music, but where appropriate, other media will be considered, as many of the issues are common across the different types.Taking a global perspective, one must keep in sagaciousness that the term copyri ght is not universally defined, accepted, or enforced. We must therefore use the term with the United States definition as a basis. However, absent U.S. law, we must also consider the creators intent as it relates to the distribution and use of his or her work. This exploration will lead us to a universal position one that claims that the wide- exceed, free exchange of Intellectual Property by means of P2P technology is unethical.The TechnologyThe P2P model gained wide scale notoriety with the success of Napster in late 1999. Almost overnight, P2P and Napster became household words. There are essentially two variations of the P2P model the Napster model and the Gnutella model. Both follow the first harmonic principle of P2P sharing ... ...Article also available on the web athttp//www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101030505-447204,00.html 10 Preston Carter engineer at Hewlett-Packard and a in truth insightful friend.ReferencesIn addition to references cited abov eNolo Press, Nolo Law For All, Copyright Ownership Who Owns What?http//nolo.com/lawcenter/ency/article.cfm/objectid/BABFA71E-97C9-479F-8A9D4C3DB2498663/catID/2EB060FE-5A4B-4D81-883B0E540CC4CB1E Nolo Press, Nolo Law For All, Copyrighting Your Software Why Bother? http//nolo.com/lawcenter/ency/article.cfm/objectID/B09BB4E7-5744-4131-8B29ACD7CC408853/catID/2EB060FE-5A4B-4D81-883B0E540CC4CB1ENolo Press, Nolo Law For All, Copyright Protection What It Is, How It whole works http//nolo.com/lawcenter/ency/article.cfm/objectid/6A6540E0-325F-4BBE-A9B64DB3BB7BAAF0/catID/2EB060FE-5A4B-4D81-883B0E540CC4CB1E

Alzheimers Disease Essay -- Alzheimers Disease Essays

Alzheimers DiseaseWhat is Alzheimers Disease? The most common form of dementing illness,Alzheimers Disease (AD) is a progressive, degenerative distemper that attacks thebrain, causing impaired memory, thinking and behavior. The person with AD mayexperience confusion, personality and behavior changes, impaired judgment, anddifficulty conclusion words, finishing thoughts or interest directions. Iteventually leaves its victims incapable of caring for themselves.What happens to the brain in Alzheimers Disease? In AD The nerve cellsin the part of the brain that controls memory, thinking, are damaged,interrupting the passage of messages betwixt cells. The cells developdistinctive changes that are called neuritic plaques (clusters of degeneratingnerve cell ends) and neurofibrillary tangles (masses of twisted filaments whichaccumulate in previously health nerve cells). The cortex (thinking fondness) ofthe brain shrinks (atrophies), The spaces in the center of the brain becomeenlarged, also reducing surface area in the brain.What are the symptoms of Alzheimers Disease? Alzheimers Disease is adementing illness which leads to loss of intellectual capacity. Symptoms commonlyoccur in older adults (although people in their 40s and 5Os may also beaffected) and include loss of language skills such as trouble finding words,problems with abstract thinking, poor or decreased judgment, disori...

Drugs In The Music Industry Essay -- essays research papers

Drugs in the Music Industry     The Music World-glamorous, fast paced, and a world most of us will neverbe part of. simply if we knew what it entailed, would we still want to be? Thewhole world seems to be building itself around medicates more and more every day,and medicine industry isnt immune. In fact, music is one of the most influentialart forms of todays society, and drugs, especially to todays youth, just addto the attractiveness of it all.In the last two or three years, drugs, especially heroin, dumbfound risen inuse dramatically. Kurt Cobain was the most high-profile drug-related rock starsince the 1970s and was still battling heroin addiction when he committedsuicide in 1994. Along with him, his married woman Courtney Love made it fashionable tobe a "junkie". In the last year, Stone Temple Pilots singer Scott Weiland andDepeche Mode singer David Gahan, among others, have been arrested for cocaine orheroin possession. The number of top bands t hat have been linked to herointhrough a members overdose, arrest, admitted use or recovery is staggeringSmashing pumpkins, Everclear, shit Doggy Dogg, Dr. Dre, Blind Melon, Red HotChili Peppers, The Breeders, Alice in Chains, Sex Pistols, Sublime, Iggy Pop,the list goes on and on. Together, these bands have sold more than 60 millionalbums(Newsweek pgs 50 & 53).     Since kids emulate popular musicians, what is there to keep them fromemulating their drug use? Moreover, whats to keep the majority of thepopulation from doing the same? In the 60s and 70s, drug use was never spokenof nor did anyone admit that it was a problem. Nowadays, there is not a personin the world who hasnt heard about the rising drug use. But what be theydoing about it? Back in the 80s, higher prices, the fear of contracting AIDS,and lower purity kept drugs out of the mainstream. Now, drugs are cheaper andeasier to get then ever, being import into the country at double the rate itwas in th e 1980s. Unfortunately, the outsiders view of drug use isnt theharsh reality. Janis Joplin, Billie Holiday, and Charlie Parker are among themany to die from heroin and other drug addictions. Drugs seem to make you afunnier, wiser, cooler person, but what the younger generation fails to realizeis that they are fatal.     Despite this, drug... ...are easy because they are wealthy,popular, and sublimely happy. Being spicy and famous isnt all its cracked upto be. They lead normal lives, have kids and pay bills just as we do, but thisis still no excuse to rate your life into your own hands.The music industry may be finally facing up to the truth that drug abusehas become a atrocious problem, though. The National Academy of presenting Artsand Sciences gathered in 1996 to discuss what could be done about it. The senseof crisis has been growing since Kurt Cobain committed suicide, blamed at leastpartly on his heroin abuse.(Time p57)Expressions of concern are easy to come by,but the chances for meaningful industry action are less clear. Recordexecutives refuse to be drug police, especially in a society where drug abusehas long been accepted, and even condoned, as part of the creative process.Geffen Records has well-kept a drug counselor for its musicians who seekhelp. (Time p 58). But the industry must recognize that pressure from thelabel to keep tutoring and recording can atomic number 6 a drug problem out of proportion.It is a minimal step, but at least a start toward trying to keep musicianshealthy, productive, and alive.

Drugs In The Music Industry Essay -- essays research papers

Drugs in the Music Industry     The Music World-glamorous, fast paced, and a world most of us will neverbe plane section of. exclusively if we knew what it entailed, would we still want to be? Thewhole world seems to be building itself around drugs more and more every day,and music industry isnt immune. In fact, music is one of the most influentialart forms of todays society, and drugs, particularly to todays youth, just addto the attractiveness of it all.In the last two or three years, drugs, especially heroin, take a crap risen in put on dramatically. Kurt Cobain was the most high-profile drug-related rock starsince the 1970s and was still battling heroin addiction when he committedsuicide in 1994. on with him, his wife Courtney Love made it fashionable tobe a "junkie". In the last year, Stone Temple Pilots singer Scott Weiland andDepeche Mode singer David Gahan, among otherwises, have been arrested for cocaine orheroin possession. The number of t op bands that have been linked to herointhrough a members overdose, arrest, admitted use or recovery is staggering smashing pumpkins, Everclear, Snoop Doggy Dogg, Dr. Dre, Blind Melon, Red HotChili Peppers, The Breeders, Alice in Chains, Sex Pistols, Sublime, Iggy Pop,the list goes on and on. Together, these bands have sold more than 60 cardinalalbums(Newsweek pgs 50 & 53).     Since kids emulate popular musicians, what is there to keep them fromemulating their drug use? Moreover, whats to keep the majority of thepopulation from doing the same? In the 60s and 70s, drug use was never spokenof nor did anyone admit that it was a problem. Nowadays, there is not a personin the world who hasnt heard about the rising drug use. But what are theydoing about it? Back in the 80s, higher prices, the fear of contracting AIDS,and lower purity kept drugs out of the mainstream. Now, drugs are cheaper andeasier to get then ever, world imported into the country at double the rate itwas in the 1980s. Unfortunately, the outsiders view of drug use isnt theharsh reality. Janis Joplin, Billie Holiday, and Charlie Parker are among themany to die from heroin and other drug addictions. Drugs seem to make you afunnier, wiser, cooler person, but what the younger generation fails to realizeis that they are fatal.     Despite this, drug... ...are easy because they are wealthy,popular, and sublimely happy. cosmos rich and famous isnt all its cracked upto be. They lead normal lives, have kids and pay bills just as we do, but thisis still no apology to put your life into your own hands.The music industry may be finally facing up to the truth that drug abusehas become a serious problem, though. The National Academy of Recording Artsand Sciences gathered in 1996 to discuss what could be done about it. The senseof crisis has been growing since Kurt Cobain committed suicide, goddamn at leastpartly on his heroin abuse.(Time p57)Expressions of concern are easy to come by,but the chances for meaningful industry action are less(prenominal) clear. Recordexecutives refuse to be drug police, especially in a society where drug abusehas long been accepted, and even condoned, as part of the yeasty process.Geffen Records has retained a drug counselor for its musicians who seekhelp. (Time p 58). But the industry must recognize that pressure from thelabel to keep tutoring and recording support blow a drug problem out of proportion.It is a minimal step, but at least a start toward trying to keep musicianshealthy, productive, and alive.

Brownie: White American and Octavia Essay

The short story Brownies written by Z. Z. Packer is told in first person by a young introverted African American girl named Laurel, known as Snot to her friends from school. The story reflects back during a summer camp breeze at Camp Crescendo that involves a small group of young African American fourth grade girls from the suburbs of Atlanta, Georgia. In this story the author provides immeasurable details of how the effects of social segregation and racism can have a negative impact on our children and our entire society.Arnetta, the leader of the Brownie crush disliked sharing the summer camp with the young girls of Troop 909 from day one because they were unclouded. Referring to them as Invaders, because in the suburbs of Atlanta they were rarely seen or even fancy ab aside(358). While riding in their bus on their demeanor to the cabin and after they had already passed the Troop 909 girls at the front gate, Arnetta asked, Did you heart that? Trying to gain ground fun of t he girls she threw her head up and with her nose pointed to the sky she said they smell like wet Chihuahuas.By the end of the day and with a plan to charm her Brownie troops to start a fight with the Troop 909 girls, Arnetta stated that she heard one of them call Daphne a nigger and that they couldnt let them purport away with that. When asked to confirm that one of the white girls said it, Daphne was hesitant to answer until Arnetta gave her an elbow followed with a mean stair down. Daphne was not the type of girl that would kiosk up for oneself and was too scared to speak up.Even at their Woodrow Wilson Elementary school, if someone doesnt fit into their little group or doesnt subvert a perfect ten after jumping off the swing at the playground, Arnetta and Octavia would reply using the word Caucasian. This was just another way in belittling other people and displaying that Caucasian race was below that of the African Americans. Octavia was considered to be Arnettas right hand woman. Octavia was quick to tell anybody to closed(a) up and readily made fun of even her Brownie troop friends.Janice, the muscle of the group and maybe not the sharpest tool in the shed had a country accent that came along with an bubbly personality was even referred to as Miss Caucasian when she wouldnt leave Arnetta and Octavia alone. One day during lunch succession while Janice was standing alongside the waters edge, Octavia had the temptation but not necessarily the courage to push her into the water. Octavia even disliked Daphne for beating her out in the school poem contest and even referred to Mrs. Margolin, the Brownie troop chaperone as Big Fat Momma.Once they decided that the trick would be where the fight takes place, all they needed was to hope they could catch them their alone without their troop leader. As they walked through the woods on their way to the bathroom Janice communicate out, this smells like my mothers air freshener, than one of the other girls state d the trees in the woods are Pine trees. Janice was shocked to hear that they could get the smell of trees onto an air freshener. As they approached the bathroom they could hear the Troop 909 girls talking. Arnetta suggested that Octavia, Janice and herself would go in first while the rest of them wait extraneous.After minutes of waiting outside Elise, Drema, Dephne, and Laurel went inside to see what was happening. Octavia looked over at Elise and said, I think theyre retarded. One of the white girls replied, We ARE NOT retarded(366-367) Once Arnetta and Octavia came to the actualisation that these girls were mentally challenged, they felt remorseful from their actions and wished to leave without being caught teasing the white girls. Octavia tried to scare the girls by mentioning to them, that if they told on them they would be considered tattletales.As one of the white girls replied, I like tattletale, the Troop 909 leader walked in. Minutes later both Mrs. Margolin and Mrs. Ha yes were at the center of the debate. The lady that ran Troop 909 never got mad or raised her voice and always kept a smile on her face as she talked. She said she wasnt going to blame anybody for their actions or their air and cited that maybe what caused this incident actually could of happened. The troop leader clarified that her girls were not retarded but considered slow learners. That they might not have the best of parents and could of perhaps heard a bad word or two from their parents.Even after the situation was over and things had calmed down, Arnetta pointed to a small girl and insisted that she heard her pronounce the word. After the white troop leader made the statement that it was impossible because she doesnt speak, Arnetta made another acquisition that it then came from the girl wearing the have it off Brownie uniform. At that point nobody was believing in Arnettas story. On the bus ride home Elisa and Arnetta still felt it requirement to continue to make fun of the white girls from Troop 909. When Daphne gave Laurel her prized journal, Daphne could not think of anything to write in it.Than Laurel remembered a time when she and her father were at the mall and they came across some Mennonites who her father insisted that they would do anything you asked of them. Nobody on the bus besides Daphne believed in her story even after she told them that they had actually calico there front porch. until she told them that they sat on the bus and as they return home on the bus, Laurel tells them of an incident in her family involving a white Mennonite family. As she tells the story, she comes to an unsettling realization about racism and the nature of human life.

Mexican Cuisine

Mexican Cuisine Mexican cuisine is a style of provender that originates in Mexico. It is known for its varied flavors, colorful decoration, and variety of spices and ingredients, some of which are native to the country. What unsexs a meal distinctly Mexican, of course, are the lively seasonings. Not either Mexican recipes are fiery, though while renowned for their heat, more subtle and intriguing spice combinations are too found in Mexican fare. The fastens of Mexican cuisine are typically corn and beans.Corn, traditionally Mexicos staple molecule, is eaten fresh, on the cob, and as a component of a number of dishes. Most corn, however, is used to make masa, a dough for tamales, tortillas, gorditas, and galore(postnominal) other corn-based foods. Squash and peppers overly play important roles in Mexican cuisine. The most important and frequently used herbs and spices in Mexican cuisine are chilli powder, oregano, cilantro, epazote, cinnamon, and cocoa. Chipotle, a smoke-cu red jalapeno chilli, is also common in Mexican cuisine. Many Mexican dishes also drive off garlic and onions.Next to corn, rice is the most common grain in Mexican cuisine. Mexican food varies by region, because of local climate and geography and cultural differences among the indigenous inhabitants and because these different populations were influenced by the Spaniards in varying degrees. The northernmost of Mexico is known for its beef, goat and ostrich production and meat dishes, in particular the well-known arrachera cut. commutation Mexicos cuisine is largely influenced by the rest of the country, but has comical and tasty dishes such as barbacoa, pozole, menudo and carnitas.Southeastern Mexico, on the other hand, is known for its spicy veggie and chicken-based dishes. The cuisine of Southeastern Mexico has a considerable Caribbean influence repayable to its location. Seafood is commonly prepared in states that border the Pacific Ocean or the Gulf of Mexico, the latter(p renominal) having a famous reputation for its fish dishes. In Pueblos or villages, there are also more exotic dishes, cooked in the Aztec or Mayan with ingredients ranging from iguana to rattlesnake, deer, roamer monkey, chapulines, ant eggs, and other kinds of insects.Mexican Cuisine Mexican cuisine is a style of food that originates in Mexico. It is known for its varied flavors, colorful decoration, and variety of spices and ingredients, many of which are native to the country. What makes a meal distinctly Mexican, of course, are the lively seasonings. Not all Mexican recipes are fiery, though while renowned for their heat, many subtle and intriguing spice combinations are also found in Mexican fare. The staples of Mexican cuisine are typically corn and beans.Corn, traditionally Mexicos staple grain, is eaten fresh, on the cob, and as a component of a number of dishes. Most corn, however, is used to make masa, a dough for tamales, tortillas, gorditas, and many other corn-based fo ods. Squash and peppers also play important roles in Mexican cuisine. The most important and frequently used herbs and spices in Mexican cuisine are chilli powder, oregano, cilantro, epazote, cinnamon, and cocoa. Chipotle, a smoke-dried jalapeno chilli, is also common in Mexican cuisine. Many Mexican dishes also contain garlic and onions.Next to corn, rice is the most common grain in Mexican cuisine. Mexican food varies by region, because of local climate and geography and ethnic differences among the indigenous inhabitants and because these different populations were influenced by the Spaniards in varying degrees. The north of Mexico is known for its beef, goat and ostrich production and meat dishes, in particular the well-known arrachera cut. Central Mexicos cuisine is largely influenced by the rest of the country, but has unique and tasty dishes such as barbacoa, pozole, menudo and carnitas.Southeastern Mexico, on the other hand, is known for its spicy vegetable and chicken-based dishes. The cuisine of Southeastern Mexico has a considerable Caribbean influence due to its location. Seafood is commonly prepared in states that border the Pacific Ocean or the Gulf of Mexico, the latter having a famous reputation for its fish dishes. In Pueblos or villages, there are also more exotic dishes, cooked in the Aztec or Mayan with ingredients ranging from iguana to rattlesnake, deer, spider monkey, chapulines, ant eggs, and other kinds of insects.The main characteristics of Italian cuisine is its primitive simplicity, with many dishes having only four to eight ingredients. Italian cooks rely chiefly on the quality of the ingredients rather than on elaborate preparation. Dishes and recipes are often the psychiatric hospital of grandmothers rather than of chefs, and this makes many recipes ideally suited for al-Qaida cooking. This is one of the main reasons behind the ever increasing popularity of this cuisine, as cooking magazine in remote countries popularize Ital ian recipes targeted at the home cook.Italian cuisine has a great variety of different ingredients which are commonly used, ranging from fruits, vegetables, sauces, meats, etc Italian cuisine is also well known (and well regarded) for its use of a diverse variety of pasta. Pasta includes noodles in various lengths, widths and shapes. Distinguished on shapes they are named penne, maccheroni, spaghetti, linguine, fusilli, lasagne and many more varieties that are filled with other ingredients comparable ravioli and tortellini.The main characteristics of Italian cuisine is its extreme simplicity, with many dishes having only four to eight ingredients. Italian cooks rely chiefly on the quality of the ingredients rather than on elaborate preparation. Dishes and recipes are often the creation of grandmothers rather than of chefs, and this makes many recipes ideally suited for home cooking. This is one of the main reasons behind the ever increasing popularity of this cuisine, as cooking m agazine in foreign countries popularize Italian recipes targeted at the home cook.Italian cuisine has a great variety of different ingredients which are commonly used, ranging from fruits, vegetables, sauces, meats, etc Italian cuisine is also well known (and well regarded) for its use of a diverse variety of pasta. Pasta includes noodles in various lengths, widths and shapes. Distinguished on shapes they are named penne, maccheroni, spaghetti, linguine, fusilli, lasagne and many more varieties that are filled with other ingredients like ravioli and tortellini.

Program for At Risk Young Adults to Aid Them in Achieving Their Future Purpose Essay

This program is designed for offering novel learning implement to the little adults who are going finished the transitional phase of their lives. This program has identified the older adolescents as one of the parts of population at risk since they experience difficulty in adapting and developing healthily in both the adult world and the world of adolescents. This at-risk program is gives complete emphasis on the right(a) physical and psychological development of these young adults understanding their psychological crisis and the appertaind personal, social, and behavioral characteristics.This program has a marked social importance as the young adults form one of the nearly endangered sections of the society with their recent exposure to the byside world. The program exit target at identifying those young adults who beget not been able to realize their potential and inspection and repair them grow emotionally and professionally. (Internet Special Education Resources, 2009 ) The students are the potential resources for this at-risk program that have to be utilized for the success of this program.Before identifying the students for this particular undertaking, it will be necessary to chalk out a plan on what the program privations from the students to accomplish in the end and what concepts and skills should the students acquire before they are elect as eligible resources for the program. Since the aim of the program is to serve young men and women the students will be offered intensive trainings on both the common and distant problems face up by the nation going through this transitional stage and make them better informed about both the long-term and long-term remedies.Those students will be taken as the resources that will respond quickly and positively to the training sessions. The program on at-risk younger adults is of immense relevance for the students, as they themselves have to experience this transitional stage in short span of time. The program will contain extensive information on multi-faceted experiences, which every individual goes through. The program in any case addresses a variety of behavioral and psychological look intos experienced by those who are on the verge of being adults and yet to leave the adolescent status.Instead of adopting a pedantic approach, the program will focus more on covering the major issues in a student-friendly manner. The contents of the programs are unambiguous details on non-clinical treatment and other services, which should be rendered for specific instances. Considering the chances of the students going through the same phase later towards their life, the program will be designed to make them apprised beforehand about the prospective experience they are going to witness.Since the old teenagers are to be trained well to cope up with the manifold layers of pressures concerning affair and other social activities, the program will include the important prerequisites for being a ble to absorb, process, and combine information in the most prolific manner assertable for them. In order to make the program more realistic and acceptable to the target population, the instruction manual and strategies for career development will be in accord with the actual reality where the adult world is living.This is of imperative concern for the designers of the program that the instructions mean to be disseminated to the at-risk young adults should not be far from the pure(a) realism so that they do not find a wide gap between their learning and their actual experience and they can certainly relate to the real marketplace situation in the world. (Internet Special Education Resources, 2009) Besides the students, the program can take help of additional social resources available in the union that can be employed for higher success.The sociologists dealing with this specific domain of young adults can be counted upon for sharing their valuable opinions and view-points conc erning the physical, emotional and sociological disturbances experienced by the people of that age. The responsibility of making the student equip with these information is to be conferred upon them. To make the program more intense and subjective therapists and clinicians from the community have to be utilized as the social resources.This at-risk program will certainly have a serious impact on the young adults who need a planned living program and recovery support. Following this program will help young men and women to recover form their present condition and render them the professional support through the sociologists, clinicians and the therapists. The program is beneficial for the students who need added support while pursuing their higher educational goals. Both these young people and their parents will be infused with new insights and knowledge that aid them in their personal and social success.The program targets some vital factors which affect their all-round development. Adherence to the instructions laid down in the program ensures academic success and integration of young adult independent living skills. The program helps the target students of the community in introducing healthy pursuits to improve social skills and building a sense of community. It also aims at helping these young adults to recover from substance abuse and addiction. (Northstarcenter. com, 2009) Some essential steps are to be taken for implementing this at-risk program.Developing a strategic plan based on the unique needs of young adults is integral to proper implementation of the program. Conducting a community analysis and assessing the needs of the target population plays a pivotal role in designing the program in the most effective manner. Identifying the youth serving agencies in the community and co-operating with them to understand the approaches suitable for treating various cases is rudimentary for proper implementation of the program. ( immature Adults Library Service s Association, 2003)The program has to be designed in order to recognize the educational approaches for high risk young adults and ensure a safe and healthy environment for the students. School committees have to be established which will work with the teachers and parents in promoting awareness and program development with community participation. (Theodore, pg 332). This program will be able to reaching out to young people and win support by working with parents and local leaders. Through this comprehensive program it is expected that policy barriers will be removed.It will further encourage the students to participate in the program and put their effort in developing it. The program intends to specifically help these young people to do what they need to do. (The INFO Project, 2009) References 1. A Transition Program for At Risk Older Teens and Young Adults to Help Them Realize a Future Inspired by Personal Purpose and Worth Achieving. Internet Special Education Resources. 2009. A vailable at http//www. iser. com/LDI-AZ. html (accessed on January 30, 2009) 2. Northstar Center.Northstarcenter. com. 2009. Available at http//northstarcenter. com/ (accessed on January 30, 2009) 3. Young Adults Deserve the Best Competencies for Librarians Serving Youth. Young Adult Library Services Association. 2003. Available at http//www. ala. org/ala/mgrps/divs/yalsa/profdev/youngadultsdeserve. cfm (accessed on January 30, 2009) 4. Meeting the Needs of Young Adults. community Reports. 2009. Available at http//www. infoforhealth. org/pr/j41edsum. shtml (accessed on January 30, 2009)

Martin Luther King Jr’s “Letter from Birmingham Jail” Essay

Martin Luther King Juniors letter from Birmingham Jail was the reflexion upon protest against unjust practice of laws was established against him and his fellow men. passim his letter he uses many great philosophers and historical events to justify his own protest to be requirement to do whats right. King was the leader of civil-rights group that supported protest against traditional views of the society and unjust laws established in the era. In any unprovocative campaign there are four basic steps collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist negotiation self purification and direct action. ( Taylor)In his letter from Birmingham Jail King states It was illegal to aid and comfort a Jew in Hitlers Germany. Even so, I am sure that, had I lived in Germany at that time, I would have aided and comforted my Jewish brothers. If today I lived in a Communist country where certain principles dear to the Christian corporate trust are suppressed, I would openly abet disob eying that countrys anti-religious laws (King, 6). Here in this excerpt shows that King encourages protest because in some extreme constituent becomes necessary, be it in Hitlers Germany, a Communist country, or any situation in which injustices are occurring. In the end of the sentence King openly admits that he would protest against established laws or traditions by all means necessary because they favor the unjust.The letter was written to his fellow clergymen to condone his prior actions and to taste justified and appropriate for the situation. He expressed that he exhausted every other option to justify them. In the letter he tried to explain to the clergy that his actions although illegal were possible and direct action was the only available option left, which could make a difference.One may well ask How can you advocate breaking some laws and obeying others? The answer lies in the fact that there are two types of laws just and unjust. One has not only a legal only when a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. I would check into with St. Augustine that an unjust law is no law at all. Now, what is the difference between the two? How does one determine whether a law is just or unjust? (King, 5). Throughout history, there have been many unjust laws.Many people follow laws just because they are laws. Sometimes people dont even agree with a law, but they go along because its in society acceptable or because its just the law. I think that by composition the letter, and putting forward the definition, King is challenging his readers to consider whether or not a law is just. If a law is unjust, it is the responsibility of the people to get it overturned. A society should not live with an unjust law. By choosing to go against law it shows that king primarily a teleological thinker.In conclusion, King wrote Letter from Birmingham urban center Jail for the purpose of making his audience rea lize that they are not carrying out our Constitution and the Declaration of Independence which is the United States was founded upon. King only wants what should be granted to all United States citizens, this being freedom, justice, and equality. He is saying he is in jail for only doing what is right, by trying to achieve what is right with non-violence and the fact that he is in jail is unjust, does not support equality, and freedom.Work CitedTaylor, Justin. Between Two Worlds. Martin-luther-king-jr-letter-from-birmingham-jail http//thegospelcoalition.org/. 23 Jan. 2013.

Cost sheet basic

18th Century Swimwear During the 18th century, spas where men and women engaged in public bathing began seem in France and England. Men and women still bathed infrequently for recreation and it was considered as therapy. Modesty was of prime importance with style not much of a consideration in those twenty-four hour periods. The first suits were far from practical or comfortable ladies went as far as to sewing lead weights into the hem of the bathing gown to prevent the prepare from floating up and exposing their legs.With the introduction of railroads, ocean-side beaches became popular for sunny ecreations and a need to wear bathing suits was felt to protect the skin from the harsh sun and organism modest and strongly against any skin show. This 1797 Gallery of Fashion print shows two ladies protected by face-shading bonnets, shawls and gloves as they 1858 cleanse Suit typically worn out by the French and English. Early nineteenth Century Swimwear Even though the 19th century S wimwear was not genuinely high fashion and stylish for the bulk a strong need was felt for a fashionable outfit for swimming or Sea Bathing.This is because Sea Bathing was considered as a amateurish activity which was only taken up by the wealthy. The Activity itself was considered fashionable. Along with this new outdoor pastime came the need for a stylish garment for the internal lady of fashion. Here we will follow the path of the fashionable bathing suit, which began long before the modern day bikini. Bathing gondolas In The Early 19th Century Bathing machines were roofed and walled wooden carts rolled into the sea Some had solid wooden walls others had canvas walls over a wooden frame.The Bathing Machine was a popular etiquette followed by women of the 19th century The use of bathing machines indicated swimming still being an activity where a lot of attention as paid to modesty and revealing ones body in public was considered to be Inappropriate. As it was an activity take n up only by the wealthy, That Class was very particular about keeping up appearances and not being inappropriate in public.Mid 19th Century Swimwear In the Mid nineteenth Century Bathing dresses continued to cover most of the female figure However the era of bathing suits was over, and then came the heavy flannel Turkish pants and Paletot Dresses The Main undercoat behind the use ot tlannel fabric was its quality of high opacity as compared to other Fabrics even when it was et This is another Indicator that skin show was still looked drink down upon. Late 19th Century Swimwear The swimsuits consisted of bloomers and black stockings.By 1855, drawers were added to prevent the problem of exposure. Women still refrained from swimming too much the prevailing attitude of the day was that it was mainly a male prerogative. The Princess cut was introduced, consisting of a blouse and trousers in one piece. The skirts were replaced with cotton-like trousers. There was also a separate skirt that fell below the knee joint and buttoned at the waist to conceal the fgure. A ruffed cap or a straw hat completed the ensemble.

Html5

Currently, in terms of web development, Flash, in spite of its success, is still non regarded as a standard because it is a proprietary technology provider. While web plays an important role in business, communication and society should not be in the hands of an independent supplier. However, giving up Flash actor to redesign the web, with all the difficulty and costly. Now, when the HTML5 appears, the emergence of HTML5 creates more confidence and convenience to those who do not like Flash.This paper focuses on the very first definition of HTML to lead you to the modern web which may replace Flash in the near future. What is it HTML is a language that provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text much(prenominal) as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and early(a) items. HTML5is currently under development, as the next major revision of the HTML standard. This code can now be used for new functions that can benefit developers a nd earnings users. What it consists of? HTML5 concludes a number of new elements and attributes.The most important of them are CANVAS ELEMENT The canvas element can be used for describing graphs, game art or other visual images on the fly. Having to rely on plug-ins is not necessary. The possibilities are endless. VIDEO ELEMENT Embedding video used to be impossible without third-party plugins such as Apple QuickTime or Adobe Flash. Thanks to video element, now its possible. It is intended by its creators to become the new standard port to give video online. GEOLOCATION Locating a users place is not a new thing on the web. In fact, most websites already do this by means of IP address detection.But this is not always reliable, so HTML5s geolocation is an alternative method of correctly pinpointing a users location. The new idea is to get the location learning from Wi-fi towers and GPS. OFFLINE WEB APPLICATION Despite of their unavailable network connection, the offline web applic ations enable users to continue interacting with web applications and documents. The user can, for instance, access email locally without having to connect to the profits or install an external client. How it works HTML5 provides support for video and audio naturally.It means that users can watch videos on site like the way they read the text format without having to bother installing Flash system program or any other plug-in program or not. How it will be used HTML5 has been developed since 2004 but now suppliers of Apple, Opera, Mozilla and Google recently built new elements of this compatible language in browsers. In the end of January, YouTube the biggest video sharing website in the world announced to test HTML5. Even Microsoft, along with promoting Sliverlight technology (to compete with Flash), also became interested in web standards and intended to bring HTML5 to Internet Explorer.Benefits par with other technology * Offline storage Kind of like Super Cookies, but with m uch more space to store for both one-time data and persistent app databases. * test drawing Sites can mark off a space on a page where interactive pictures, charts and graphs, game components, and whatever else imagination allows can be drawn directly by programming code and user interactionno Flash or other plug-ins required. * Smarter form Search boxes, text inputs, and other you-type-here fields get better controls for focusing, validating data, interacting with other page elements, sending through email, and more. Web application focus Its fair to say that HTML5 is aimed to plant it easier to build wikis, drag-and-drop tools, real-time chat, and other modern web, and have them work the same across browsers. Potential Disadvantage * Basic animation and media features. * Lack of good tooling to be productive in developing large sized HTML 5 applications. * Very limited support for media formats. * User may need to be attached to use an HTML 5 application. * Inconsistencies of H TML being implemented between web browsers (different parts of the standard are implemented).

Is Benjamin Franklin a Quintessential American?

Being a quintessential person in the American setting requires some(prenominal) elements that argon identified and tie by other population as a true character of patriotism. The picture drawn for quintessence is one where the person serves as the ideal model for the American people and the steps interpreted by the person are to be remembered as these are the ideals that put send on progress within the commonwealth once adopted in good harm.Despite the lack of spontaneous and masterful information com/his-review-of-the-autobiography-of-benjamin-ben-franklin-all/written by asa dulcis Franklin regarding some events in his life history, he has shown to be a quintessential American from his early years up to the last pages of his autobiography. First, he has the brevity and courage that pushed him never to give up and try all the resources at his reach. When he was working for his brother, rests are highlighted among them and he decided to leave him (Franklin, 1996). He proceed ed to move to other areas where he could get employment as his brother prevented him from getting employed in their town (Franklin, 1996).Employment is an important part of the economy and more and more people are competing for the different jobs available. For some, it becomes truly difficult that lead them to give up. However, benzoin Franklin tried all the means at his disposal and never gave up. Eventually, at the later part of the book, it proves to be the most important characteristic that gave him success in life as he proves to be a real-life example of the American Dream, which at that time is an element attached to the American awkward.The perseverance, courage, and brevity in the challenges faced in life are important because these are infallible in coping through difficult times. Moreover, these positive attitude and approaches serve as factors towards success in overcoming problems. Second, the courage to make a difference and help others can be seen as a small, f ork upd significant, act that contributes to progress. In the early part of his autobiography, Benjamin Franklin helped a man from drowning as they met a force during his trip away from his brother (Franklin, 1996).Acts of kindness and generosity when adopted as a way of general living could make a change in the way people treat one a nonher. It serves as a means through which cooperation could be enhanced and the trust of people with one another rebuilt. With what Benjamin Franklin did, he showed that it is possible to help other people and make a difference in their lives. Third, Benjamin Franklin portrays an image of a person who is always thirsty for knowledge and never ceases to hone and earn these in every single way he can.Education is an important investment for people as this is seen to be a tool which one can rely on in pursuit of progress. It serves as the vehicle for festering in one country where investing in the preparation of the people is a step taken towards the betterment in the society and uplifting the conditions of living. The very reason as to why the government steers and places education among its priorities is because it wants its citizens to be literate. Likewise, every individual aims for it because of the advantage it gives in terms of employment and career growth.Unfortunately, only a few of the people nowadays are given access to formal institutions of education and receive a diploma. This leaves potential skills and talents unharnessed and serve as a wasted resource for the country when not put into use. Fourth, he has proven himself as a genius because of the discoveries he made in relation to science, such as that of the stove. Aside from being a hardworking business man, he managed to become affiliated with science as he made his studies with his goals aligned with that of science. This goal is to provide easier and more efficient means in terms of carrying out tasks and other activities.He has given his time and effort in order to provide scientific advancements, which whitethorn not be as significant as the others but still remain to be an applauded achievement. His consignment to make his own contributions gave him the disaster to give discover for the use of the people. Fifth, he constantly made himself aware of the political issues that abound the nation and made the move to help such as his act of composition proposals to gather funds to support colonial defense during the war between England and France (Franklin, 1996).While he may not have a personal interest in terms of the war, he still had the initiative to provide for support and make his cause ripple through his solicitations. His support for the political causes reflects a support for the country and the initiative to help in times where there is a great need. This is important because having people who are aware of the situation is sometimes not enough. There is a greater need for people who gaze to take action during times where an active approach is needed.Every little act of support counts when it makes a difference and contributes to the purpose of the country. Lastly, he has served for volunteer works for the country and the citizens. Volunteerism is a spirit that gives people a chance to know that they can do something to help solve problems. Even if it is seen as a tiny splash compared to the larger cause that is found in the society, volunteering for different causes is still counted as an important part of self-aggrandizing and serving the country.With the different initiatives and achievements Benjamin Franklin narrated in his book, he is really seen as a quintessential American. This is specially true in fulfilling the expectations attached to the American Dream. Beyond this, he has selflessly dedicated himself to the service of his nation and in making his own personal contributions in making a difference for the society. Reference Franklin, B. (1996). The recital of Benjamin Franklin, Dover Thrift Edition. New York Dover Publications.

Accounting in news

The article shall discuss about two news articles which has accounting impression in Australia and internationally. Both articles call off the same issue of economic meltdown effect to accounting faculty and how it shall affect the accounting duties across Australia and abroad.One of it high schoollights on how staffs have lost belief with their employers due to economic trial which the companies are going through while the other address the employment treads of accountant in Australia.The articles address a number of accounting issues. They disclose accounting issues and company behavior (Lyons 2009). Due to the economic hardships which close to of the companies have been going through has affected their books of account which in turn has affected their investment, and spending.Aequalis consulting which is an accounting and recruitment firm in Sydney said that most of the employees are disillusioned by the way companies are acerb down on cost by reducing their payment or sa cking (Fisher 2009).This is a blood according to Lyons article, because most companies are fighting to better on quality of their staffs by replacing them with passing qualified staff but this is made impossible due to their financial status.The articles relate to the course materials in supporting that appropriate number of staff with appropriate qualifications to do different accounting duties/roles.Its really important to have accounting roles well defined such as stock taking, suppliers and deliveries, budgeting and auditing if there is fewer staff roles which are conflicting would be assigned to the same person which would promote fraud.The accountants will take in to keep on updating the payroll and budgetary allocation to different vote heads of the companies to accommodate high turnover of staff and their payments and other company expenditures affected.I have learnt form the articles that its very important to improve on accounting staffs quality. Hiring people with ri ght qualifications improves on the company financial planning, appropriate book safekeeping and preparation of up to standard accounting reports.ReferencesLyons, P, 2009, The action in Aussie accounting, Available at http//news.efinancialcareers.com.au/Guest_ITEM/newsItemId-17094Fisher, D, 2009, A issue of faith, http//www.brw.com.au/viewer.aspx?EDP//20090402000030994502&fid=71&s=0&t=1&title=A+loss+of+faith

American Immigrants and Literacy Essay

Language is very authorized in the society because it enables people to communicate with each other and for them to participate meaningfully in the affairs of the society. For first generation immigrants to the United States, however, the problem of literacy and language becomes more pronounced.These people migrate to the United States for a variety of reasons. It could be because of economic need. Or it may be because the country they came from is in political touch and there are outright hostilities and war. In this regard, the education needs of these immigrants may not be congruous with what is in the United States.Since these immigrants entered the US as adults, the challenge to become literate and become expert in the English language is greater than for children. What usually happens is that the parents work incessantly to provide for the family while the children go to take and literate and adjusted to the culture of the US. For adults, however, this is a challenge.This i ssue could be addressed using a dance strategy. The first would be the establishment of non-formal English as second language classes that are based in the communities and would be facilitated by the literate members of the society. This way, there would be greater acceptance and they would be more undetermined to a member of their community. Alongside the non-formal teaching of English as second-language, there should be a functional literacy program. These adult immigrants would be taught specific matters and subjects that they need for their daily lives. They might not need to depicted object calculus and advance literature, but what they need is a working knowledge of the society they are in and how they can make their lives more meaningful in this society.

Fossil Fuels and Global Warming Essay

The practise of fogey fuels as the primary source of energy has unwittingly filthed munificence into its greatest challenge yet. As oil and coal ar burnt up, the greenhouse gases are causing the melting of polar ice, leading to a chain reaction that threatens every other aspect of the ecosystem. This root word looks at the crisis that fossil fuels have brought about, as well exploring existent and proposed solutions, both at the collective and the one-on-one level. Introduction Global warming technically refers to the overall mount up in planetary temperatures.Its widespread use however also encompasses the courses of this rise in temperatures and the effects t presentof. More importantly, it is synonymous with the role of human macrocosms drill in contributing to these rises. carbon copy emissions from planes, cars and industrial plants rise up into the atmosphere and create a mantelpiece of heavy air that traps heat that radiates onto the earths surface. By non lett ing heat escape, over time the globe set abouts warmer. This has a direct effect on the f showtime of ocean currents, directly amen equal to(p) for weather patterns.It also causes the melting of polar ice, which besides also affecting climate, also causes the sea levels to rise. (Guggenheim D & Gore Albert, 2006). Effects of Global Warming Some critics are skeptical of the whole nonion of spheric warming. Despite this criticism, it has grabbed the tutelage of masses, and they are increasingly examining its effects. The following is a brief insight Agriculture is unfat kind to life, as it is the source of victuals. Without food, human beings are at risk of extinction, and conflicts are backlash to arise.Yet global warming is threatening agriculture. Due to climate change, the environments where bees and other creatures vital to pollination are used to rest home in are no longer suitable, and the bees are disappearing in droves. More than that, rainfall and fair weather patte rns are changing, rendering farmlands unsuitable for the crops that are used to growing there normally. The combined effect is that country yields are negatively affected, and there arises a shortage in overall supply of food worldwide.In early 2008, with the human race hungrier, food prices rose to their highest levels ever, and inflation in many countries became unprecedented. This trend came to a head at the beginning of 2008, with riots and revolts in numerous countries. In the Philippines, soldiers were deployed to guard food crop farms from being raided. Haitians on their part overthrew their government in protest over untenable food costs. It is also here that people were reduced to eating mud, if only to fill up their stomachs. mistakable scenarios were reported in sierra Leone, Nigeria, and a good number of Asian emerging economies.Global warming is not the only performer in bringing about food shortage, but it does play a major role, and has come to the attention of mas ses around the globe that are leading to act to mitigate the negative effects (Auken, 2008). another(prenominal) set of negative effect that has been tied to global warming are the now prevalent native disasters pounding various parts of the world. Hurri basees that have brought devastation to New Orleans, Mexico and more recently Jamaica over the ult few seasons have been the worst in recorded history.They have been attributed to rises in sea level resulting from frosty melts owing to global warming. They have brought unprecedented destruction, forcing many coastal cities to adopt new strategies to combat such(prenominal) dismantlets. Billions of dollars are now being invested in disaster prevention, and are resulting in an increase in taxation. Similar nubs are being invested in reconstruction efforts to restore damaged infrastructure. Housing models are being radically changed, with cheaper housing being favored to cut losses in case of any eventualities.Prevalent rootage s much(prenominal) tools as carbon footprints and green qualifications are now being employed to act the conduct of the commonality person to contribute toward reduce their personal negative come to on the globe consumers in atomic number 63 and America are increasingly becoming conscious to purchase food with minimal carbon footprints for example. Carbon footprints refer to the amount of carbon dioxide emitted during the process of developing a product from scratch to the point where it gets to the consumer.In effect, products which use plenty of machinery to produce and have to be transported by heavily fuel reliant heart such as planes and trucks have much higher carbon footprints than those that are produced using minimal fossil energy and are close to the market. Labels indicating the carbon footprint are put on products by organizations who follow the initiative, in a bid to persuade consumers to buy the least destructive products. And the method seems to be working.In Europe especially, consumers are increasingly cutting on their contributions environmental degradation and products with high carbon footprints and finding increasingly limited market. Closely related is the issue of organic foods. These are gaining preference for the reason that they are produced using only natural material, rather than chemicals that are hazardous to human beings and detrimental to the environment. The level to which a product is free of chemical toxicity is referred to as its organic rating, just like carbon footprints are used to depict the level of carbon emissions of a product.Publications and other forms of media are used by proactive organizations to sensitize the public on which products are environmentally friendly, and these do have a major influence on consumer choices. The result is that farmers serving the European markets are using increasingly slight machinery and chemicals, thereby reduction the emissions and chemical pollution of the agricultura l industry to the environment. Manufacturers also have to adapt to a new trend of production- with their carbon footprints being closely monitored, they are increasingly adjusting their production processes to get favorable ratings (Organic Trade Association, 2008).My Solution Proposal In the fight against global warming, I conceptualise efforts should now be geared toward experiments on entirely new lifestyles and forms of organization, with successful experiments being replicated across the globe. In my case, I propose an experiment with a new eco city, preferably in an arid area, at a waterfront (e. g. a lake) for sustainability of life. This will kill preferably a few birds with one stone, as the problems of food insecurity, unsustainable energy and wasted land would all be addressed. ImplementationIn designing such an urban development, cutting edge technology and radical thought process are required at every step of the way. Ecological urban planning concepts are unavoida ble to progeny advantage of the lake grab, which corporation be harnessed for wind energy to cater for a square part of the new citys energy requirements. The city plan should also allow for the breeze to penetrate the streets and residential areas rather than block it. When this is done, ecological architecture can be employed in designing self-cooling buildings, which have the advantage of not only saving on air conditioning.This is desirable because it both saves on energy and preserves the environment, seeing as most air conditioners are environmentally harmful. The urban plan also needs to take care of existing ecosystems if there are any streams, trees or wildlife habitations, the city and building designs should be made around them. Buildings will need to be fitted with solar panels to take advantage of the abundant sun in arid lands, thus advertise adding to the energy supply provided by wind. Wherever possible, buildings should have green roofing.This is where gardens are made on top of roofs for purposes of food, beautification and more. This will have a number of advantages food will be more abundant, a cool microclimate will be created (further reducing the need for air conditioning), and the carbon footprint will be drastically reduced or eliminated. The buildings can also be constructed with double walls using recycled material (for sustainability). Double walls have the effect of keeping temperatures low when its hot alfresco and warm when its cold outside.Stretches of idle land just outside the city can be used to plant ecologically friendly biofuel crops such as genus Jatropha Carcus, which is drought-resistant, to complete whatever energy requirements that may remain. Being at the lakefront, clean water for most chores ability prove a challenge to get, thus the need to preserve and recycle whatever water can be harnessed. One of the ways to do this is by use of a Sewerage Treatment fix (STP), which filters sewerage to produce water f or irrigation and gas for cooking.This way, other clean sources of water can be less burdened. Energy needs will also be met. Gardens and parks should be organic to reduce the amount of fertilizer and chemical pesticides necessary to maintain them. Sustaining the Gains All the outlined gains of an eco-city would be to naught if the residents do not sustain them. Residents should be encouraged to carpool when going to work, or better still to cycle to work to belittle the carbon footprint. As much as possible, recycled material should be used and other material should be recycled.The use of plastic bags should be banned, instead encouraging the use of bio-degradable baskets. For lighting, energy-saving fluorescent bulbs and tubes should be used. Each home should have a garden in its compound, with at least a tree or two. The gardens, for interior(prenominal) food consumption, should be grown organically. The beach area should be kept clean, with no littering or cast out of chemica ls or effluent into the lake. This will help preserve marine life and overall aesthetic beauty. If such a city can be constructed, myriad gains will have been made Positive environmental ImpactThe immediate impact of all the new vegetation the green roofs, home gardens, biofuel crops, etc would be the establishment of a cool microclimate in the developed area. Being in front of a lake, the arid land as it currently is cannot benefit because all the moisture being brought in by the breeze every evaporates or travels long distances inland, benefiting other areas with vegetation. With the new vegetation however, the moisture would be trapped, and as the plants perspire, vapor would rise into the local sky, thereby creating rain at that local level.The overall reduced heat levels would also bleak down evaporation rates, ensuring that the soil remains moist, helped also by the increased rain. Naturally, more rain is bound to increase vegetation cover, further enhancing the value of t he land and creating a positive cycle. Positive Impact on Soil As the vegetation grows and dies, the soil would be enriched organically as the foliation decomposes, increasing its productivity. This happens when the decomposed foliage turns into humus, and mixes with the local sand. This has the effect of bonding the soil together while creating an acceptable level of drainage and porousness within it.If the soil is further enriched with the waste products of the STP process, the overall composition of the soil will become highly favorable to agriculture. It would also be conducive for worms and other soil organisms to grow, which in turn further enrich the soil with vital nutrients. Positive Economic Impact Another area of profound impact will be economic from the time of construction right through to the establishment of offices and residences, employment opportunities will abound for both locals and immigrants.The eco-friendliness of the area will also rive investment a lot of which these years is conscientious thus spurring growth. Being at the lakefront, the city is also highly likely to attract considerable international tourism as tourists seek clean and new areas to escape from winter or simply to unwind. At the same time, the marine fishing industry is bound to experience a rise from the clean fishing areas, with ready market locally provided by residents within the new city. They may even be able to export, depending on other factors.At the domestic level, people will be able to grow food and reduce their household budget. They may even be able to sell about of it and generate income the city can be a net exporter of food. Conclusion Global warming has conjure up the world with a lot to ponder upon. With effects ranging from food shortage to natural catastrophes, mitigation should not be a question of whether, but how and when. Coupled with this is the need for newer energy sources, to reduce the globes dependency on fossil fuels. With conce rted efforts and due diligence, the problems that these two factors portend can be contained to an extent.I propose an experiment with an eco city built on a waterfront as a means of examine how human beings can adopt a top down approach to addressing these pressing issues. I believe the gains to be made will not just be environmental but economic as well. Works Cited Associated press, June 20th 2007, Fossil fuels Tycoon plans largest wind farm- green machines- MSNBC. com, Retrieved 12th Feb 2009. , http//www. msnbc. msn. com/id/19231397 Auken, B. V, 15th April 2008, Amid mounting food crisis, governments fear revolution of the hungry, Retrieved 11th Sep, 2008, http//www. wsws. org/articles/2008/apr2008/food-a15. s hypertext mark-up languageThe British Council (no date). Effects of Global Warming Social Impact-Climate Change. Retrieved 12th Feb 2009. http//www. britishcouncil. org/climatechange-fact-sheets-global-warming-social-impact. htm commonality Africa Foundation, 2008, Retr ieved 12th Feb 2009, http//greenafricafoundation. org Guggenheim D, Gore Albert, 2006. An Inconvenient Truth (Film) Organic Trade Association (2008). NOSB Definition of Organic. Retrieved 12th Feb 2009. http//www. ota. com/standards/nosb/definition. html United States Environmental Protection Agency, Heat Island Effect. Retrieved 12th Feb 2009. http//www. epa. gov/heatisland/

Factory Outlet vs Departmental Outlets

CUSTOMER PERCEPTIONS OF FACTORY OUTLET STORES VERSUS TRADITIONAL DEPARTMENT STORES Dr. G. S. Shergill* plane section of Commerce, Massey University, capital of parvenu York Campus, Private Bag 102 904 NSMC, Auckland, NEW ZEALAND Ph 0064 9 414 0800 x9466, telecommunicate G. S. emailprotected ac. nz & Y. Chen section of Commerce, Massey University, Auckland, NEW ZEALAND, Email emailprotected com CUSTOMER PERCEPTIONS OF FACTORY OUTLET STORES VERSUS TRADITIONAL DEPARTMENT STORES AbstractThis radical examines clients perceptions of two antithetical types of retail put ins manu milling machinery retail hold on funds and tralatitious plane section blood lines as well as their purchasing optences. In addition, the paper comp bes these preferences across demographics. It explores four critical figures which signifi privytly influence nodes perceptions of both types of retail lineage. Findings atomic look 18 base on a m wholly intercept survey with 205 respondents across a range of demographics.The closures maneuver that manumanufacturing plant result stores be perceived as having comparatively lower equipment casualtys and pleasant progresss in comparison to handed-down incision stores, while handed-down plane section stores produce competitive payoffs in harm of the another(prenominal) three factors. as well it is found that diverse demographic characteristics play an important mathematical function in influencing differences in node perceptions regarding the opposite types of stores. The main implication of these findings is that pulverization progeny stores argon perceived favourably and that they need to build to a greater extent peremptory marketing strategies jibely.Keywords- performery poplet stores, Traditional segment stores, Customer preferences. Nowadays, an change magnitude number of guests consider pulverization way push through stores as their alternative obtain places, rather than continuing to br ing out at handed-down surgical incision stores. Since client loyalty is becoming to a greater extent important for marketers in achieving sales procedure goals (Kulpa, 1998), this growth in the use of pulverization expiration stores as an alternative choice poses a signifi open firet argufy to traditional plane section stores. This circumstance means that the competition between these different retail channels has fix extremely intense.A pulverisation upshot store is owned and operated directly by a producer to sell plainly its disfigurement of merchandise, whereas a traditional segment store does not manufacture growths itself just now instead sells a variant of products manufactured by autarkic firms (Meyers, 1995). In a pulverization issuance store, the manufacturer has full discipline everyplace the product oblation, in-store customer suffice and the persona and determine of the product sell, as well as the physical dimensions of the store. Tradition al surgical incision stores be owned 1 and operated independent of manufacturers.Manufacturers of the products alter at these stores have limited control over in-store customer do, prices of the products change and the physical attri exclusivelyes of the stores. ab initio pulverization departure stores were established to offer end-of-line exhaustivelys and seconds at the lowest possible prices (Lombart, 2004). As a result it was mainly customers in lower socio-economic groups who were willing to buy through this channel. These firings have begun, however, to be gradually veritable by to a greater extent customers, in part due to special annual sale forward motions which began during the 1980s (Lombart, 2004).Additionally, customers increasing cheer-consciousness has stimulated the scramment of manufacturing plant outlet stores. This has oddly been the case in the United States, where at that place argon over 10,000 pulverization outlet stores now in operation (Mey ers, 1995). Nowadays, manufacturing plant outlet stores which tin the akin range of give away name merchandise pass more and more customers, and have develop into showcases in oft the same form as that of traditional segment stores (Fernie and Fernie, 1997).It is unclear, however, whether customer perceptions of pulverization outlet stores versus traditional part stores may differ in general and across demographics, as well as how such(prenominal) differences may be seen. The findings will assist marketers, particularly those employed by manufacturers, in understanding the ways in which customers view both traditional plane section stores and factory outlet stores. This insight will surrender such marketers to set more suitable customer-oriented marketing strategies and business objectives, achieve superior financial performance and develop their marketing performance in the retail industry.The main objective of this paper is to explore customers perceptions of these dif ferent types of retail stores, as well as their purchasing preferences. In addition, the paper examines customer preferences across demographics regarding customers perceptions of factory outlet stores and traditional department stores. The paper contains five sections. Following the introduction is an overview of literature, summarising previous studies, and sets the hypotheses to be tested. The undermentioned two 2 sections deal with search methodology, data outline and findings.Conclusions and implications atomic number 18 discussed in the last section. lit REVIEW computey outlet stores vs. Traditional department stores grinder outlet stores An increasing number of factory outlet stores have been built for various reasons. Some of these stores have been created to deal with seconds products, some be presented as discount stores familiard with new distribution channels, and some have been designed by manufacturers in order to tailor the price of their products through sav ings on overhead costs (Parker et al. , 2002).This last reason has been pursued in order to attract more current and authorisation customers in price-oriented and price-sensitive markets and fill up customers varying needs and wants (Parker et al. , 2002). Initially, the factory outlet store was identified and established as an off-price retailer (Joshi, 2003). Internationally, curiously in Europe, factory outlet stores were built and developed for four basic reasons to sell discounted products to reduce overhead costs and carry out sales furtherances to create flexibility of melody running and to achieve brand promotion (Joshi, 2003).The roles and functions of factory outlet stores have changed of importly over the past few decades. They argon no longer designed scarce as low price stores, but be a uniform used for brand product promotions, especially in Europe and the US. For example, manufacturers of the Reebok, Levi, Gap and Warnaco brands regard their brand promotion to be one of the diagnose functions of their factory outlet stores (Joshi, 2003). Factory outlet stores have too been designed as specific seconds stores and discount stores, and atomic number 18 located in m both of Japans major cities (Joshi, 2003).There has been a 62% add-on in factory outlet stores since 1990 and the trend is for this step-up to continue (Rudnitsky, 1994). Factory outlet stores have been developed using original styles by including some specific characteristics of conventional shop centres in order to provide products with lovely prices and a leisurely shopping purlieu for most price-oriented customers (Golub and Winston, 1983). 3 Nowadays, the factory outlet stores are normally recognised as gaining a larger market piece of ground through price reductions, which are aimed at capturing the mass market (Hellofs and Jacobson, 1999, p. 3). Therefore, the factory outlet stores need to develop their train of customer propitiation and ensure that the product s exchange in these stores are of a comely character in comparison to the antecedently built brand stick outs (Parker et al. , 2002). boilersuit, the trend in factory outlet store development is quite sufficient. For example, according to a survey discussed in Happy Campers at upshots (Rauch, 2005), around 84% of respondents agreed that the prices in these stores met, and point exceeded, their expectations.Also, nearly 93% of the respondents indicated their intention of making a return visit (Rauch, 2005). In summary, the development of factory outlet stores is rapid. They are seen as offering liable and lower prices than traditional department stores, and a much better shopping environment and atmosphere than ever before. Therefore, the sales performances achieved by factory outlet stores are satisfactory, courseing towards unconditional maintenance and a continuous increase in this type of store.Traditional Department Stores Nowadays, traditional department stores are fac ing a signifi plentyt threat because the number of consumers who shop at traditional department stores is decreasing, although the sales of these stores have increased (Nasri, 1999). The number of customers who shop at traditional department stores has dropped sharply (Li, 2003). This means that department stores are in an endangered situation, and are receiving a lessening per centum of the total retail sales. This situation has led to a meaning(a) decrease in the number of department stores (Li, 2003).Traditional department stores are perceived by customers as playing a typical behavior role and offering a range of up-to-date fashion merchandise with reasonable prices, high levels of customer answer and a satisfied shopping atmosphere 4 (Johnson, 1994). Customers are more willing to place into, and purchase products in, traditional department stores, which offer more excitement and emotional attachment than do outlet stores. As a result traditional department stores execut e to be developed to create and satisfy various demands of customers of different ages and with differing perceptions of fashion trends (Facenda, 2005).This could be a competitive advantage which traditional department stores can utilise to attract and maintain customers, as well as increase market share as an effective defence against the threat presented by factory outlet stores. In summary, unlike discount stores, traditional department stores turn tail to be scrapd into finding and creating a winning combination of a diverse customer and merchandise mix, along with service and price expectations, rather than addressing and focusing on attracting bargain-seeking customers through niche object marketing (Coward, 2003).Therefore, the first hypothesis to be tested in the inquiry can be utter as follows H1 There is a of import difference in customers store preferences (traditional department stores, or factory outlet stores) across their demographics. Product discolouration I mage Loyal customers may hold strong and positive construes of a brand which are hard to change and lead to long-term sales revenue (Wyner, 2003). A well-known brand as one important extrinsic factor can meaningfully change customer perceptions (Ailawadi and Keller, 2004).retailers have an obvious opportunity, and are in an ideal position to build these kinds of positive suffers for customers (Schmitt, 2003). Brookman (2004) noted that brand images should be used to link merchandise ranges and store design. Parker et al. (2002) also recommended that respectable brand vision leads to approximate sales revenues. Ailawadi and Keller (2004) pointed out that in that respect was a direct relevance between branding and customer perceptions of retailer imagery, which has been confirmed by a large number of explorees in this topic area. Inman et al. 2004) pointed out that customers associate different brand product ranges with different types of retail stores. Accordingly, store i mage is impacted significantly by customer perceptions 5 of the different mark products and function offered by retailers (Ailawadi and Keller, 2004). The greater the breadth of different products and services offered by a retail store, the greater the number of customers who will frequently patronage the store, as the variety of product categories provided in the same store provides a much more comfortable shopping experience for customers (Messinger and Narasimhan, 1997).Furthermore, the foresight of within-category brand products is another very important factor in influencing store image in customer perceptions, and could be a main stimulator in the customer store choice decision (Ailawadi and Keller, 2004). develop a selection, a range of styles, and favourable categories of branded products are the most important keys to increasing customer perceptions of store image and, as a consequence, achieving higher(prenominal) sales (Dreze et al. , 1994). Therefore, the design of brand-name products can be a comparable factor in creating images for factory outlet stores and traditional department stores.The customer image of retail stores is highly and positively influenced by the quality of the manufactured product brands (Ailawadi and Keller, 2004). Accordingly, Jacoby and Mazursky (1984) noted that carrying strong positive images of brands could mend the positive image of retail stores. Furthermore, they noted that it was much easier to increase sales and achieve market share by increasing both the images of the brands and of the retail stores in the current saturated retail environment (Jacoby and Mazursky, 1984).Nevertheless, Jacoby and Mazursky (1984) also mentioned that a just product brand image would be damaged if it was associated with a retail store which had a poor image. Therefore, brand products sold in either type of retail store should be designed and managed to create and purify relevant customer perceptions. In summary, customers having good brand image fly the coop to be much more loyal in their shopping patterns, whether at traditional department stores, or factory outlet stores.Also, customers who wish to purchase high quality branded products would consider whether the quality and value of the brand products sold in traditional retail stores is higher than those products sold in factory outlet stores (Parker et al. , 2002). So, the second hypothesis to be tested in the research could be stated as follows 6 H2 The brand images of those products sold in traditional department stores are higher than for those products sold in factory outlet stores. Retail Store Image The store image plays a very important role in creating profit and maintaining customer loyalty.Therefore, it could be a determining factor in customer perceptions (Parker et al. , 2002). A high quality store image implies the possibility of differentiation, loyalty and profitability, while a low-quality store image paves the way for price wars by em phasising and intensifying customer price sensitivity (Hallanan, 1994). The conclusion that retail stores should develop a positive, clear and favourable self-image to be an alternative choice in customers minds was drawn by Martineau (1958). intellectual the impact of product brand image, and how a retailer should be positioned, is extremely important in edifice the image of a retail store (Ailawadi et al. , 1995). Building the image of a retail store requires the appellative of sufficiently different goods and services from those of their competitors, which tends to increase customers appreciation (Keller, 2003). There are lots of different attributes which significantly influence store image. These include the quality of merchandise and services, the tore appearance, the quality of the purchase service, the physical facilities, the conduct and service of employees, the price levels, the depth and frequency of promotions and the store shopping atmosphere (Lindquist, 1974). Two b asic dimensions can be used to analyse the store image. These dimensions are in-store atmosphere, and price and promotion (Ailawadi and Keller, 2004, p. 333). In-store atmosphere is one of the most important factors in the influence of customer perceptions of retail stores. Baker et al. 2002) pointed out that a stores shopping environment plays an extremely important role in providing information and shopping guides to customers, and is the key attribute in twist store image. The in-store environment particularly physical features such as merchandise pricing, quality and store design and layout, as well as social service facilities such as employees service 7 and friendliness, as well as food-court service can influence customers economic and psychological shopping behaviours (Baker et al. , 2002).Certainly, store environment plays a major role in providing informational cues and signals to customers about the type of merchandise and service they should expect (Parker et al. , 2002 ). Merchandise quality and service quality are key variables in influencing store image (Parker et al. , 2002). This indicates that service attributes might be some of the most important factors in store image brand building, and deeply influence consumer purchase behaviours (Hicks, 2000). This leads to the creation of long-term sales revenue and profitability (Hicks, 2000).Furthermore, when different retailers stock similar products and brands, an appealing in-store atmosphere can play a critical role in building retailer brand image (Ailawadi and Keller, 2004). In this research, the in-store atmospheres of factory outlet stores and traditional department stores are compared, especially in terms of the physical characteristics and social service features. Two further hypotheses need to be tested, as follow H3 The physical features (such as lighting, air conditioning, washrooms, music, cleanliness, displays, etc. of traditional department stores are perceived to be better than those of factory outlet stores. H4 The in-store customer service features (such as friendliness, helpfulness of salespeople, etc. ) of traditional department stores are perceived to be better than those of factory outlet stores. worth and promotion is another factor which directly affects customer perceptions of different types of retail stores and their images. A stores image in terms of price and promotion will be influenced by average levels of prices, seasonal variations in prices, and the frequency and depth of promotions (Dickson and Sawyer, 1990).Different customers hold different perceptions of the store choice decision, according to the different images of stores. For example, large basket shoppers like every-day low price stores, while small basket shoppers prefer high-low promotional pricing stores (Bell and Lattin, 1998). Traditional department stores tend to create a diverse customer and merchandise mix, service expectations and price point in order to design a desirable shopping experience (Coward, 2003, p. 27).For example, Coward (2003) suggested that 8 stores needed to rethink convenient designs, return policies and commission policies in order to make their service more flexible and satisfying for customers. Parker et al. (2002) pointed out that there is an incredible interaction between price levels and customer perceptions of product brand images and store images. In particular, comparatively lower price levels would lead to negative customer perceptions of the retail stores (Parker et al. , 2002).To identify the different price and promotion images of retail stores, the hypotheses formulated are H5 The price and promotion features of products sold in traditional department stores are perceived as being higher than that of factory outlet stores. H6 There is a significant difference in customers store ratings (traditional department stores vs. factory outlet stores) across their demographics. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The admit was conducted in a m id-sized multicultural city with a range of local and international retailers, including a number of traditional department stores and factory outlet stores.Using Parker et al. s (2002) nineteen items developed for measuring store characteristics, a questionnaire was constructed which measured preferences for generic stores. A five point scale was used in the questionnaire, anchored by 1=very poor and 5=very good. In addition, four items designed to measure the demographic characteristics of the respondents were also included. The data was collected using intercept surveys. The respondents were selected equally at both types of retail outlets. The operational sample was 205 respondents. The sample profile is given in control board I.DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS adjudicate compose The sample profile of 205 respondents is summarised in board I below. There are 107 fe potent and 98 male respondents in the survey. The volume of the respondents are less than forty-five years of age ( approximately 71% of the total sample). Furthermore, the majority of the respondents had completed secondary school and completed at least one trade diploma, or present degree. Additionally, around 78% of the respondents earned 9 a every year common income (before tax) of over NZ$20,000. Respondents with a yearly income over NZ$60,000 only comprised 9. % of the sample, with the majority having a yearly income of between NZ$20,000 and NZ$40,000. defer I Gender Sample Profile (N=205) Percentage Female Male fall Under 25yr 52. 2 47. 8 100 15. 6 25. 9 29. 8 18. 5 7. 8 2. 4 100 16. 6 30. 2 38. 5 14. 6 100 21. 5 45. 4 23. 9 9. 3 100 Demographics Formatted Swedish (Sweden) Age 25-34yr 35-44yr 45-54yr 55-64yr oer 64yr primitive High domesticate Degree Education trade wind Diploma/Certificate Bachelor Degree get the hang Degree radical Individual tax) yearly Less than NZ$20,000 NZ$20,001$40,000 NZ$40,001$60,000 Over NZ$60,000 Total ross income (before The reliability analysis was apply to test whether the nineteen questions used in the questionnaire fit the factor analysis criteria. Using Cronbach alpha, we found that the nineteen items reliability for traditional department stores was . 889 and for factory outlet stores was . 880, both figures being at an acceptable level (Nunnally, 1978). Factors which Customers keep in mind while Shopping at Traditional Department Stores (TDS) and Factory Outlet Stores (FOS) Table II displays the factor analysis results for different scales of TDS in the questionnaire.Four factors were extracted through the factor analysis for TDS. Factor 1 concerns the in-store customer service characteristics of TDS. The variables relating to 10 customer service in the stores such as friendly, helpful, familiar with merchandise, exchanges, salespeoples pressure and enough salespeople are loaded more highly than other variables contained in Factor 1. Customers are especially come to with whether the salespeople in traditional department stores are helpful.Within Factor 2, higher loadings are given to quality, wide selection, newest styles and amply stocked in regards to the products sold in the stores. These loadings indicate that Factor 2 largely displays concerns about the brand images of products sold in TDS. Table II Factor Analysis Results for Traditional Department Stores and Factory Outlet Stores Traditional Department Stores Factor 1 In-store customer service features Factor 1 In-store customer service features Factory Outlet Stores Variables Factor 2 Brand images of products Factor 2 Brand images of productsFactor 4 cost & promotion features Salespeople are friendly Salespeople are helpful Salespeople are familiar with merchandise Exchanges happily Less pressure from salespeople Enough salespeople quality is good Selection of products is wide Styles of products are newest Stock level Store is attractive Store is not displace Store is clean Store is neat Store is bright .600 . 746 . 637 . 571 . 601 . 5 80 . 449 . 763 . 771 . 702 . 458 . 545 . 763 . 745 . 672 .628 . 717 . 652 . 590 . 640 . 639 . 471 . 694 . 779 . 740 . 556 . 697 . 822 . 677 . 160Factor 4 Price & promotion features Factor 3 Physical features Factor 3 Physical features 11 Prices are good Value for price Markdowns are attractive Prices of products are label clearly .655 . 810 . 468 . 360 .359 . 325 . 882 . 739 Customers shopping in TDS tend to allowance more attention to whether products sold in the stores display a wide selection, with the newest styles and are fully stocked, rather than being concerned about their quality, as the loadings of these three variables are 0. 763, 0. 771 and 0. 702, respectively, while the loading of quality is only 0. 49. Furthermore, Factor 3 shows significant loadings on the variables of attractive, not crowded, clean, neat and bright, at 0. 458, 0. 545, 0. 763, 0. 745 and 0. 672, respectively. Therefore, Factor 3 can be identified as containing the physical features of TDS. Specifi cally, the variables of clean and neat have much higher loadings than the others. This implies that these two factors significantly influence customer perceptions of the physical features of TDS. Factor 4 shows customers considerations regarding the price and promotion features of products sold in TDS.Within the fourth factor, comparatively higher loadings are found for the variables of price, value for price, markdowns and clearly marked price. These loadings are 0. 655, 0. 810, 0. 468 and 0. 360, respectively. In particular, customers who preferred traditional department stores tended to give more consideration to whether they could gain reasonable value from their purchase. Table II also displays the factor analysis results for the different variables of the factory outlet stores (FOS) in the questionnaire. Again, a similar group of four factors is extracted through factor analysis.As in the TDS analysis, Factor 1 concerns the in-store customer service features of FOS. The variab les regarding customer service have higher loadings than the other variables contained in Factor 1. Respondents were concerned as to whether the service offered by the salespeople is helpful or not, as it is given the highest loading, at 0. 717. The variables of quality, wide selection, newest styles and fully stocked, regarding the products sold in FOS are included in Factor 2. Their high loadings indicate that Factor 2 is related to measuring the brand images of the products 12 sold in the retail stores.The customers who shop in FOS tend to give more consideration as to whether the products sold in these stores are comparatively new styles and have satisfactory stock levels, as shown in the related high loadings of these two variables (0. 779 and 0. 740, respectively). These customers do not pay much attention to the quality of the products sold in FOS, however, as this variables loading is only 0. 471. Moreover, Factor 3s variables of attractive, not crowded, cleanliness, neat an d bright have loadings of 0. 556, 0. 697, 0. 822, 0. 677 and 0. 160, respectively. Thus, Factor 3 can be identified as concerning the physical features of FOS.More specifically, customers tend to be concerned about the cleanliness of FOS, but few of them indicate that store brightness is important. Lastly, Factor 4 concerns the price and promotion features of the products sold in FOS. Higher loadings are given to the price, reasonable price for value, markdowns and clearly marked price variables included in the fourth factor, at 0. 359, 0. 325, 0. 882 and 0. 739, respectively. Customers of factory outlet stores tend to be more concerned as to whether the markdowns of the products sold in the stores are attractive, and whether the prices of the products are clearly marked.Customer Store Preference across Demographics To know if there is a trend to shop at factory outlet stores, we asked respondents which store they normally prefer to shop. To control for any possible response bias, we selected respondents equally at both types of retail outlets. As shown in Table III, the number of respondents who prefer TDS as their shopping place is 113, compared to 92 respondents choosing FOS as their preferred shopping place. This implies that a sizable number of customers prefer and/or are shopping at factory outlet stores.Table III Frequency analysis of store choice Frequency Traditional department stores Factory outlet stores 113 92 Percentage 55. 1 44. 9 13 Total 205 100. 0 Chi-square is next used in order to examine whether there are any significant effects from the different demographic characteristics on customer decision-making in regards to shopping choices. As shown in Table IV, significant differences exist in customers store choice as regards to their different genders, levels of study and gross yearly income, as the relative P-values for these variables are 0. 001, 0. 000 and 0. 003, respectively.Nevertheless, there are no significant differences between cust omers shopping preferences in regard to age, as the P-value is 0. 690. Table IV Store choices and demographic characteristics Department Chi-squa re values 11. 343 Traditional Demographics Gender Female Male Total 47 66 113 19 28 36 18 8 4 113 13 24 56 20 113 60 32 92 13 25 25 20 8 1 92 21 38 23 10 92 107 98 205 32 53 61 38 16 5 205 34 62 79 30 205 20. 223 . 000 3. 065 . 690 . 001 P-values Factory Total Outlet Stores Stores Age Under 25yr 25-34yr 35-44yr 45-54yr 55-64yr Over 64yr Total Formatted Swedish (Sweden) EducationHigh School Grad. Trade Diploma/Certificate Bachelor Degree Master Degree Total Individual yearly tax) gross income (before Less than NZ$20,000 NZ$20,001$40,000 NZ$40,001$60,000 Over NZ$60,000 Total 18 46 33 16 113 26 47 16 3 92 44 93 49 19 205 14. 256 . 003 14 More specifically, female respondents tend to prefer shopping in factory outlet stores, while nearly two-thirds of the male respondents prefer to shop in traditional department stores. Furthermore, customers with higher levels of education are more liable(predicate) to choose traditional department stores as their shopping preference.As shown in Table IV, the number of customers who possess degrees and prefer shopping at traditional department stores is much higher than the number of those customers who are willing to go to factory outlet stores. In addition, customers who earn a higher yearly income particularly those whose gross yearly income is between NZ$40,001 and NZ$60,000, or over NZ $60,000 tend to choose traditional department stores over factory outlet stores. These statistics are summarised in Table IV above. Therefore, H1 is supported on gender, education and income, but not on the demographic of age.Customer Perceptions of Brand Images of Products Sold in Traditional Department Stores and Factory Outlet Stores Table V below provides a comparison of the brand images and T-test results of products sold in traditional department stores and factory outlet stores. According to these results, H2 which holds that the brand images of products sold in TDS are higher than those of products sold in FOS is supported (see Table V). In other words, the overall mean rating of TDS branded products is significantly higher than that of FOS branded products, at 16. 02 and 9. 1, respectively. Specifically according to the analysis of the individual items of product features the respondents gave higher ratings for products sold in TDS (regarding their wide selection, newer styles and satisfactory stock levels), than for the products sold in FOS. There is a significant difference between the mean ratings of the branded products sold in TDS and FOS. Thus, the results from the data analysis show that there is a significant difference in the brand images of the products sold in traditional department stores and factory outlet stores.Customers tend to have higher, and more positive, images of branded products sold in traditional department stores than they do for branded prod ucts sold in factory outlet stores. 15 16 Table V Comparison of brand images of products sold in stores Factory Outlet Brand Images of Products Sold Traditional Stores in the stores Department Stores plastered SD think about SD P-values Quality is good Selection of products is wide Styles of products are newest Stock level 3. 88 4. 05 4. 02 4. 07 16. 02 .70 . 81 . 93 . 88 2. 69 3. 11 2. 53 2. 16 1. 91 9. 71 .77 . 89 . 87 . 94 2. 73 .000 . 000 . 00 . 000 . 000 boilers suit Customer Perceptions of Store Images of Traditional Department Stores and Factory Outlet Stores Table VI below provides a comparison of the store images and T-Test results of both types of retail stores. As shown, the respondents overall mean ratings, as well as their item-wise mean ratings of TDS physical features are significantly higher than for FOS, at 19. 87 and 16. 13, respectively. Therefore, H3 is accepted. That is, the physical features of traditional department stores are perceived as being better than those of the factory outlet stores.There is a significant difference between the mean ratings of the physical features of TDS and FOS. Thus, the respondents indicated that the physical characteristics of traditional department stores are more attractive than those of factory outlet stores. Further to this finding, the respondents overall mean ratings, as well as their item-wise mean ratings of TDS in-store customer service features are significantly higher than those for FOS, at 22. 18 and 20. 48, respectively. Therefore, H4 is accepted.That is, in-store customer service features of traditional department stores are perceived as being better than those of factory outlet stores in sassy Zealand Furthermore, H5 which holds that the price and promotion features of products sold in traditional department stores are perceived as being significantly higher than those of factory outlet stores is accepted, as indicated in Table V. The applicable overall mean ratings of TDS and FOS are 12. 70 and 16. 11, respectively. Also, the individual scale 17 items of price and promotion features are much higher for the factory outlet stores.This finding indicates that respondents consider the prices of products sold in FOS to be comparative lower than those sold in TDS and that the promotions offered by FOS are more attractive and satisfactory. Table VI Comparison of the features of traditional department stores (TDS) and factory outlet stores (FOS) Features Traditional Factory Outlet P-values Department Stores Stores SD Mean SD Physical Features Mean Store is attractive . 000 . 94 3. 32 . 84 3. 63 Store is not crowded . 000 . 85 3. 25 . 81 3. 70 Store is clean . 000 . 83 3. 44 . 75 4. 10 Store is neat . 000 . 86 3. 49 . 73 4. 16 Store is bright . 00 . 70 2. 62 . 73 4. 28 Overall In-store Customer Service Features Salespeople are friendly Salespeople are helpful Salespeople are familiar with merchandise Exchanges happily Less pressure from salespeople Enough salespeople 19. 87 Mean 3. 86 3. 76 3. 77 3. 39 3. 48 3. 91 22. 18 Mean 2. 88 2. 82 3. 38 3. 63 12. 70 2. 96 SD . 67 . 73 . 86 . 84 . 81 . 85 3. 45 SD . 83 . 88 . 91 . 88 2. 71 16. 13 Mean 3. 59 3. 52 3. 42 3. 07 3. 36 3. 51 20. 48 Mean 3. 99 3. 66 4. 22 4. 24 16. 11 3. 10 SD . 82 . 82 . 88 . 87 . 87 . 96 3. 95 SD . 65 . 76 . 79 . 84 2. 26 .000 . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000Overall Price & Promotion Features of Products Sold in the stores Prices are good Value for price Markdowns are attractive Prices of products are marked clearly .000 . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000 Overall Customer Perceptions of Traditional Department Stores and Factory Outlet Stores across Demographics To analyze Objective 4 (to evaluate whether demographic characteristics are related to customer perceptions of traditional department stores and factory outlet stores), the ANOVA and T-tests are used to determine whether there are significant relationships between customers store ratings and their demographic characteristics.Ta ble VII 18 displays the customer perceptions of overall store ratings and their relevant four demographic characteristics. As shown in Table VII, only the income level shows significant mean differences in the ratings of TDS. In other words, customers concerns regarding the physical features and price and promotion features of TDS are highly influenced by their income level. More specifically, the higher the customers income is the more favourable will be the mean ratings for physical features and price and promotion of TDS.There is, however, no difference in the customer perceptions of TDS and FOS across gender, age groups and educational levels, as the respective P-values are all much higher than 0. 05. Therefore, H6 is supported only on income, but not on gender and education levels. Table VII Store ratings and Demographic Characteristics Demographics Traditional Department Stores Physical Physical features features In-store customer service features In-store customer service fea tures Mean SD Mean SDMean SD Mean SD Price & promotion features Price & promotion features Product features Product features Factory Outlet Stores Traditional Department Stores Factory Outlet Stores Traditional Department Stores Factory Outlet Stores Traditional Department Stores Factory Outlet Stores Formatted Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Gender Female Male P-value 3. 93 4. 02 . 682 . 54 . 64 3. 32 3. 12 . 059 . 60 . 63 3. 66 3. 74 . 307 . 58 . 57 3. 43 3. 40 . 832 . 64 . 68 3. 14 3. 22 . 636 . 70 . 65 4. 02 4. 03 . 635 . 58 . 56 3. 97 4. 04 . 734 . 65 . 69 2. 48 2. 7 . 476 . 74 . 61 Age Under 25yr 25-34yr 35-44yr 45-54yr 55-64yr Over 64yr 3. 88 3. 95 4. 05 3. 94 3. 86 4. 48 . 270 . 55 . 60 . 57 . 59 . 66 . 74 3. 23 3. 22 3. 20 3. 38 3. 14 2. 76 . 330 . 69 . 62 . 64 . 44 . 69 . 82 3. 82 3. 63 3. 71 3. 59 3. 85 3. 73 . 450 . 56 . 57 . 60 . 52 . 57 . 89 3. 47 3. 39 3. 38 3. 59 3. 28 2. 73 . 097 . 59 . 66 . 64 . 57 . 76 . 66 3. 24 2. 99 3. 31 3. 13 3. 27 3. 10 . 206 . 69 . 70 . 58 . 65 . 77 . 68 4. 09 3. 88 4. 05 4. 14 4. 09 3. 80 . 225 . 48 . 57 . 60 . 46 . 56 . 56 4. 13 3. 90 4. 09 3. 99 3. 86 3. 90 . 532 . 58 . 8 . 63 . 72 . 75 . 67 2. 54 2. 32 2. 44 2. 50 2. 44 2. 10 . 572 . 80 . 64 . 65 . 74 . 56 . 65 Formatted Swedish (Sweden) P-value 19 Education High School Grad. Diploma/Certificate Bachelor Degree Masters Degree 3. 96 3. 85 4. 02 4. 11 . 201 . 62 . 53 . 60 . 65 3. 38 3. 34 3. 11 3. 14 . 058 . 68 . 52 . 68 . 53 3. 59 3. 70 3. 76 3. 63 . 480 . 55 . 50 . 60 . 67 3. 51 3. 55 3. 26 3. 42 . 590 . 74 . 56 . 65 . 71 2. 94 3. 15 3. 31 3. 15 . 066 . 72 . 65 . 65 . 72 3. 99 4. 09 3. 97 4. 08 . 552 . 60 . 50 . 63 . 45 3. 83 3. 99 4. 10 4. 00 . 281 . 85 . 59 . 6 . 85 2. 57 2. 41 2. 30 2. 63 . 075 . 72 . 52 . 70 . 82 P-value Yearly gross income Less than NZ$20,000 NZ$20,001$40,000 NZ$40,001$60,000 Over NZ$60,000 3. 90 3. 87 4. 11 4. 27 .64 . 54 . 58 . 62 3. 22 3. 28 3. 19 3. 06 . 524 .66 . 63 . 59 . 55 3. 67 3. 66 3. 78 3. 74 . 674 .56 . 59 . 56 . 58 3. 44 3. 48 3 . 29 3. 34 . 413 .68 . 67 . 63 . 65 2. 88 3. 20 3. 30 3. 43 .71 . 67 . 59 . 68 4. 02 4. 05 4. 01 3. 99 . 960 .57 . 57 . 53 . 66 3. 85 3. 97 4. 12 4. 28 . 060 .76 . 65 . 62 . 58 2. 61 2. 38 2. 31 2. 55 . one hundred thirty .75 . 61 . 63 . 93 P-value .010 .005CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The findings on customer store preference across demographics show that customers with different genders, levels of education and gross yearly incomes tend to make different store choices, however, they perceive traditional department stores and factory outlet stores similarly regardless of their age. More specifically, male customers regard traditional department stores offering famous branded products as their first choice, however, female customers are willing to shop at factory outlet stores in order to seek branded products with comparatively lower prices.Female customers tend to be more price oriented and price sensitive. Furthermore, the higher the level of education customers have the more li kely they are to choose traditional department stores as their shopping preference. This finding indicates that more highly educated customers tend to have greater concerns in regards to the shopping environment and atmosphere offered by traditional department stores. In addition, customers earning higher yearly incomes are more willing to choose traditional department stores over factory outlet stores.In regards to customer perceptions of brand images of products sold in traditional department stores and factory outlet stores, there is a significant difference in the brand images of products sold across these stores. The brand images of products sold in traditional department stores are perceived more positively than are those of products 20 sold in factory outlet stores. Customers perceive traditional department stores as offering wider and more satisfactory selections of various types of merchandise in comparison to factory outlet stores.The stock levels in traditional departmen t stores are also seen as being superior. Obviously, the wider selection and greater breadth of different branded products offered in the stores, the greater the number of customers who will be more attracted to TDS. In regard to customer perceptions of store images of traditional department stores and factory outlet stores, there is a significant difference between traditional department stores and factory outlet stores.Firstly, respondents feel that the physical features of traditional department stores are more satisfactory, comfortable and attractive than those of the factory outlet stores. Customers believe that they will enjoy shopping at traditional department stores, as they provide them with a more comfortable in-store shopping environment and atmosphere. Secondly, there are significant differences in the in-store customer service features of traditional department stores and factory outlet stores. Customers believe that traditional department stores provide a higher qualit y of in-store customer services.TDS are also seen as having better exchange policies and an adequate number of salespeople offering to meet customers different wants and needs. Therefore, traditional department stores do have distinctive advantages in terms of their in-store customer services, in comparison to those offered by factory outlet stores. Thirdly, traditional department stores have much higher prices when compared with factory outlet stores. This is due to their different marketing orientation and segmentation.Customers tend to be attracted by the prices and value of products sold in factory outlet stores. Schneiderman (1998) found in his research that customers believed that factory outlet stores could provide greater value for their money than did traditional department stores. Results on the interrogative of customer perceptions of traditional department stores and factory outlet stores across demographics indicate that only income levels have any significant effects on customers mean ratings of traditional department stores, but that 21 o significant differences exist across the variables of gender, age and education. This means that customer perceptions of physical features and price and promotion features of traditional department stores are highly influenced by their different income levels. Customers with higher incomes tend to be attracted to physical features and price and promotion features of traditional department stores. They are interested in shopping in a comfortable environment and seeking famous and fashionable branded products, rather than being price sensitive, bargain seeking customers.The implications of these research findings include the point that traditional department stores should maintain their competitive positions by continuing to offer good physical facilities and environments, satisfactory in-store customer services and famous branded products, in order to maintain and attract more customers. This will also help to maintain their market share and gain competitive advantage against the intense competition created by factory outlet stores. Customers perceive that the prices offered in traditional department stores are much higher than those of factory outlet stores.Therefore, department stores are facing a big challenge from factory outlet stores in terms of price and promotion strategies. As a result, they need to measure their value positions and adapt more reasonable prices to provide satisfactory value for customers. Clearly identifying and dividing their current and say-so customers into different organise segments is necessary for retailers in setting differing price strategies. During sales seasons, more attractive promotion of branded products could be undertaken in traditional department stores.Certainly, customers tend to purchase more when there are large sales and attractive promotions of branded products in traditional department stores. In order to target appropriate segments, t raditional department stores need to identify what relevant level of branded products should be sold and assign these products reasonable prices in stores across different ages, genders, and levels of education and income. Traditional department retail stores also need to provide more selection characteristics (in terms of their branded products adapting to the newest styles frequently and maintain good stocks level), in order to 22 eep their competitive advantages through being perceived as offering more positive brand images of the products sold in their stores. Furthermore, strategic alliances between different traditional department stores and their distributors could also be developed. In such an alliance, competitive advantages (such as better offerings of quality in-store services and providing similar branded products with reasonable prices and promotions) could be shared by traditional department stores, , which should reduce costs for the alliance partners.Regarding implic ations for factory outlet stores, they need to learn from the comparative disadvantages of traditional department stores and engage in enhancing their current competitive positions on price and promotion offerings, in order to improve customer perceptions of their stores. Maintaining their comparatively lower prices and providing frequent promotions of branded products is one of the most useful price and promotion strategies for factory outlet stores in maintaining and enhancing their competitive positions in this area.Meanwhile, manufacturers which utilise factory outlet stores need to control the values of the products through assessments. As a result, customers who are not only price sensitive, but are also value seeking will be satisfied with the prices and promotion features of the products sold in the factory outlet stores. It is extremely important for manufacturers to immediately improve their products brand images. Widening the selection of characteristics, improving stock levels and offering positive branded products in the stores are ways which this could be achieved.Nowadays, factory outlet stores are no longer established for the sale of seconds or comparatively lower quality products with lower prices. Therefore, they need to build more positive brand images for the products sold in the stores instead of being perceived as discount stores. They need to invest more in the stores physical facilities to offer a better shopping environment and atmosphere. As a result, however, prices may increase significantly due to the costs of such upgrading, meaning that such a strategy might be risky (Parker et al. , 2002). 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