Blue Ridge Case †Activity Based Costing (ABC) Essay

1) Profitability Analysis: Blue Ridge Large Medium Small Total Sales $308,762.00 $183,744.00 $318,024.00 $810,530.00 Manufacturing Costs $112,552.70 $72,164.09 $162,864.09 $347,580.88 Sales and Administration Costs $78,303.47 $50,790.54 $156,805.99 $285,900.00 Total Costs $190,856.16 $122,954.63 $319,670.08 $633,480.88 Cost as % Sales 61.81% 66.92% 100.52% 78.16% Profit $117,905.84 $60,789.37 ($1,646.08) $177,049.12 Profit Margin 38.19% 33.08% -0.52% 21.84% Note: For detailed calculations please reference attached document. 2) Define action steps for Blue Ridge based on the analysis: The above customer profitability analysis indicates that the small customers have a negative profit margin. As this specific customer base accounts for 40% of Blue Ridges total sales volume we recommend the following action steps be taken in order to increase their profitability: * Develop an on line/electronic ordering system for customers in order to eliminate the high costs associated with entering purchase orders by Blue Ridge employees. Currently this represents 14.56% of total costs with 12.23% of total costs allocated to small customers. * Develop an electronic payment system for small customers, where payments are wired directly into Blue Ridges bank account before the order is processed and shipped. Currently credit checks for small customers represent  1% of total costs. * Study the effects on price increases for small customers. Currently, shipping costs for small customers represent 4.14% of the total costs, increasing the price for small customers could help offset the shipping costs. * Conduct a study on small customer orders to help determine if a minimum order requirement can help eliminate the costs associated with shipping without sacrificing the high volume. * Invest in new inking technology in order to help justify increases in prices. The investment should eliminate their customer complaints and increase their demand. * Determine the costs associated with investing in a higher quality towel and align with an appropriate sales strategy. * Determine if advertising costs are being properly allocated. * Study the effects of implementing an incentive program for the independent manufactures who achieve a certain sales volume. 3) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this customer profitability system. Did Blue Ridge define the right activities? Advantages: * The system provides managers with an insight into why differences exist in the operating incomes earned from different customers. * The system enables managers to determine profitability levels (profit contributions) of specific customer groups and highlights the costs assignable to each customer. * The system allocates costs of activities that support individual customer groups to aid in determining cost reduction strategies. * The System focuses on profit rather than turnover. * The system allocates the relevant costs associated with each customer. Disadvantages: * The system may prompt managers to make quick decision such as firing customers, instead of implementing cost cutting initiatives. * The system focuses heavily on the different types of customers rather than on the different products. * The system does not provide detailed information on the order size and frequency for each individual company within their customer group. * The system does not focus on customer behavior such as loyalty and future growth patterns. * The system does not enable managers to determine if price discounting will encourage increased purchases while minimizing profit erosion. In conclusion Blue Ridge defined the right activities; however they might want to consider conducting a product profitability analysis. This will enable them to manage the product mix more efficiently and identify future cost cutting in initiatives. In addition, we fell this would be another valuable exercise in determining weather or not going national would be profitable for Blue Ridge.

Digital Crime and Terrorism Essay

Abstract The use of the Internet for criminal purpose is one of the most critical challenges facing the FBI and law enforcement in general. Understanding and using the Internet to combat Internet Fraud is essential for law enforcement. The fraud being committed over the Internet is the same Type of white collar fraud the FBI has traditionally investigated but poses additional concerns And Challenges, because of the new environment in which it is located. The Internet is a perfect vehicle to locate victims and provide the environment where the victims Don’t see or speak to the fraudulent. The Internet environment often creates a false sense of Security among users leading them to check out opportunities found on the Internet less Thoroughly than they might otherwise. Computer crime poses a daunting task for law Enforcement agencies because they are highly Technical crimes. Law enforcement agencies must Have individuals trained in computer science or computer forensics in order to properly to Properly investigate computer crimes. Computer crime is defined as any person that violates any Of the provisions of the following; unauthorized access to a computer system, Theft of computer Services, Interruption of computer Services, Misuses of computer system information, and Destruction of computer equipment. The general heading of computer crime can potentially Cover an array of offense by examining several existing definitions of computer crime, as well as Elements suggested as essential, some Have defined computer crime as any offense that uses or Somehow involves a computer. Role of Internet and crime The growth of the Internet has improved our economy, medicine and technology. Unfortunately, it has brought new opportunities for criminal activity, as well. Often, people Think cyber-crime simply refers to hacking, viruses and other intrusion tactics. Cyber- crime, However, threatens more than our businesses, economy or national infrastructure. Cyber- crime Affects us individuals, as well. Reprehensible crimes, such as child pornography and cyber Stalking, terrorize our children and our families. At the first hearing in this series, on May 24th, the Texas Deputy Attorney General for Criminal Justice testified that, quote, †One of the biggest problems is that computer criminals are targeting The most vulnerable of our society, children.† He pointed out that, according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, child pornography was virtually extinct prior to the advent of the Internet. Now it is a serious plague on our society that must be stopped. Adults also experience the dark side of the Internet revolution. Using computer technology, Criminal types steal life savings and even identities of unsuspecting individuals. These pose Serious threats to the lives and the livelihoods of many individuals. But in addressing these areas Of crime, law-enforcement officers face several challenges. Identifying a sophisticated criminal Can be difficult. Once they are identified, bringing a criminal to justice may be problematic for Jurisdictional reasons. The criminal may be in a different State or even another country, and then law enforcement Officials must deal with extradition issues. Also, retrieving the information stored on a computer And using it for prosecution may be difficult if it requires highly technical skills not normally Taught to investigators or prosecutors. As long as there is technology, cybercrime will exist, yet Cybercrime must be curtailed as much as possible so that technology can legitimately continue To enrich our lives and strengthen our economy. Congress understands that law-enforcement officials must have the appropriate training and Equipment to fight fire with fire, or computer technology with computer technology; but Law-enforcement must remain cognizant of the need to protect the law-abiding publics Privacy while protecting the public. The public must understand that law-enforcement does need To use technology to deal with this new emerging threat to our children, our economy and our National security. Under current law, law-enforcement authorities must apply for the identical order in multiple Jurisdictions, causing burdens and delays that benefit no one but criminals. Congress should look At the possibility of a single order that would cover these kinds of requests comprehensively. Over the last decade, use of computers and the Internet has grown exponentially. Indeed, for Many individuals it is an integral part of their daily lives. With little more than a click of a Mouse, people can communicate, transfer information, engage in commerce, and expand their Educational opportunities. Unfortunately, criminals exploit these same technologies to commit Crimes and harm the safety, security, and privacy of us all. Indeed, as more people go online, More criminals are realizing that online crime can be lucrative, especially given the amount of Valuable commercial and personal information now being stored electronically. So-called †cybercrime† can be divided into two categories. On the one hand, we are seeing the Migration of †traditional† crimes from the physical to the online world. These crimes include Threats, child pornography, fraud, gambling, extortion, and theft of intellectual property. Simply Put, criminals are migrating online because they can reach more victims quickly, can collaborate With other criminals, can disguise their identities, and can use the global nature of the Internet to Remain anonymous. On the other hand, the Internet has spawned an entirely new set of criminal Activity that targets computer networks them. Included in this category are such crimes as Hacking, releasing viruses, and shutting down computers by flooding them with unwanted Information (so-called †denial of service† attacks). Our vulnerability to—and the damages caused By—this type of crime are astonishingly high. For example, in May of last year, the †I Love You† Virus began to infect computers on the Internet. Within a short period of time, it had disrupted the communications of hundreds of Thousands of computers, causing losses estimated in the billions of dollars. Virus demonstrated a new capability: when it infected a computer, it accessed the users Computer passwords and sent them electronically to a computer in a foreign country. The Implications of this virus—and the many viruses that have followed it—are staggering. In March of this year, the FBI’s National Infrastructure Protection Center issued a warning that An organized group of hackers from Russia and Eastern Europe had committed a series of Intrusions into more than forty banks and e-commerce companies in the United States. The Hackers stole over 1,000,000 credit card numbers from the companies’ data bases. They then Embarked on extortion of many of the companies, threatening to disclose confidential Information or damage the victims’ computer systems. Evidence suggests that the hackers then Sold many of the credit card numbers to organized crime groups. This crime—the investigation into which the Treasury Department participated and which has to Date resulted in two arrests—has grave implications. Not only did it cause financial losses for The Companies, but it harmed the privacy and security of the ordinary citizens whose credit Cards numbers and personal data were stolen. Individuals victimized by these sorts of Rightfully Fear the ramifications of criminals’ gaining access to their private financial and Personal data. This type of crime strikes at the confidence of consumers, threatening the vital Growth of e-commerce. Network crimes not only affect the security of individuals and businesses, they can also threaten Our nation’s critical infrastructures. Our power and water supply systems, telecommunications Networks, financial sector, and critical government services, such as emergency and national Defense services, all rely on computer networks. Cyber terrorist, the same devastating result could be achieved by hacking into the control Network and commanding the computer to open the floodgates. This is not a purely hypothetical Scenario. Several years ago, a juvenile hacker gained unauthorized access to the computers Controlling the operations of the Roosevelt Dam in Arizona. Although there are as yet no definitive statistics on the scope of the problem, there is no doubt That the number of crimes involving computers and the Internet is rising dramatically. For Example, the CERT Coordination Center, which was created to warn about computer attacks and Viruses, received over 21,000 network crime incident reports last year. This is more than double The number of reports it received the year before. Similarly, a survey conducted by the FBI and The Computer Security Institute recently revealed substantial increases in computer crime. Over 85 percent of the companies and government agencies surveyed reported computer security Breaches within the preceding twelve months, up from 70 percent last year. Moreover, Researchers at the University of California at San Diego recently reported a methodology that Enabled them to count the numbers of denial of service attacks. Their research revealed that 4,000 attacks occur every week. Responding to these threats is a daunting challenge. From my perspective, as I begin my assessment of our cybercrime efforts and the direction they Should take in the future, at least three themes or elements seem to emerge as particularly? Important to success in confronting cybercrime: developing specialized expertise, building Teamwork and partnerships, and assuring we have legal authorities which are both effective and Appropriate in the unique and ever-evolving setting of computers and the Internet. DEVELOPING SPECIALIZED EXPERTISE Combating computer crime requires a team of professionals, including investigators, forensic Experts, and prosecutors, all of whom have technical expertise. In addition to traditional Investigative skills, cybercrime investigators must be well versed in the intricacies of technology To insure that evidence is not lost or overlooked. Forensic experts must know how to handle Electronic evidence to protect its integrity for later use at trial, as well as how to recover and Analyze digital evidence from computers with hard drives that store gigabytes of data. And Prosecutors must understand the jargon and complexities of high-technology crimes and be able To translate technical evidence into a form understandable to a judge and jury. United States law enforcement agencies have devoted significant resources to developing cadres Of investigators and forensic experts who have the specialized skills needed for cybercrime Investigations. The FBI and Secret Service, which have particularly important investigative Responsibilities with respect to Internet and computer-related crimes, have certainly been in the A particularly important aspect of developing, and then sharing expertise in the field is the Nationwide network of federal prosecutors called Computer and Telecommunications Coordinators (or †CTCs†)—at least one from each district—who serve as the district’s Prosecutorial expert on computer crime cases. The CTC initiative was started by CCIPS in 1995, And has been strongly supported by our U.S. Attorneys. CCIPS trains and supports these Coordinators specially, so that they, in turn, can serve as a resource for their offices and the law Enforcement authorities and concerned industry in their regions of the country. In the Criminal Division, specialized expertise in combating cybercrime is not confined to CCIPS. Other sections have developed this expertise as traditional forms of criminality have Moved onto the Internet. For example, the Department has seen dramatic growth in various types of fraudulent online Schemes, and the Criminal Division’s Fraud Section has played a critical role in the Justice Department’s response, including overseeing a Department-wide Internet Fraud Initiative begun In 1999. Its work to date has included (1) advising and supporting federal prosecutors throughout The country, including maintenance of an Internet fraud brief bank; (2) developing specialized Training on Internet fraud for courses at the Department’s National Advocacy Center; (3) Publishing extensive materials on the Department’s website, www.internetfraud.usdoj.gov, in Order to promote public understanding of Internet fraud schemes and how to deal with them; and (4) Supporting improvements in federal agencies’ investigative and analytical resources, Including the Internet Fraud Complaint Center, a joint project of the FBI and the National Collar Crime Center. The Department has also been involved in the related problem of identity Theft, in part by providing national coordination of governmental efforts through the Identity Theft Subcommittee of the Attorney General’s Council on White Collar Crime. Of course, one of the most disturbing facets of cybercrime is the exploitation and abuse of Children, whether through distribution of child pornography over the Internet or through the Horrific conduct of sexual predators that operate online. The FBI, the U.S. Attorneys’ Offices, And the Division’s Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section have developed special expertise In Investigating and prosecuting these crimes and currently devote significant resources to the Online aspects of child pornography and luring cases. Moreover, in this area and others, the Department’s Office of Legal Education, in conjunction with various components of the Criminal Division regularly sponsors classes regarding computer crime and electronic evidence. BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS As I noted at the beginning of my statement, the second element which seems particularly Important to our efforts against cybercrime is partnership building. Of course, from years as a Prosecutor, I know that teamwork is essential to any successful crime-fighting effort. But it Strikes me that in the area of cybercrime the need for effective partnerships, is not only Especially important but also requires partnerships well outside the traditional law enforcement Community. The complexity of cybercrime and the breadth, or potential breadth of its Impact, are part of the reason. However, another factor is the diversity of interests at play in the Cyber-world, and hence in our efforts to combat cybercrime. These include, among others, law Enforcement Interests, national security interests, privacy interests, and Commercial interests. Partnership, or at least dialogue, we will allow those interests to conflict and collide in ways Destructive of our efforts to combat cybercrime. VIRUSES AND MALICOUS CODE Viruses and malicious code are simply programs and like any other program, are designed for a Specific function. A virus or malicious code program is written for a variety of noncriminal Purposes including advertisements, jokes, and political messages, however, less humorous and More malicious intentions include destroying data, information, information acquisition, and Identity theft, surreptitious control of a remote machine, or the shutdown of a legitimate business Or website. The virus is executed by some type of payload trigger, which causes the virus or Malicious code to deliver its contents or execute its commands. The trigger can be something The user does, such as opening an email attachment or downloading a file, it can be triggered By some event such as date or condition on a computer, or it can self- execute based on code Written into the virus program. PHISHING The term phishing means the fraudulent attempt to get a person’s private information (i.e. Username, password, account number, etc.).   Phishers send an email pretending to be from a legitimate company and ‘bait’ you to provide your Private information. Typically the email will address you as a customer and will direct you to Click on a link to provide critical information to avoid a looming problem which they have Discovered. This link will be to a false website – not the website of the legitimate company. Basically, they are ‘fishing’ for people’s information to use illegally. Phishing is a very Sophisticated scam and many individuals and companies have been fooled, resulting in the theft ‘Of their sensitive information as well as millions of dollars every year. The email is usually designed to look like it is sent from a real company. The ‘bait’ for personal Information is often contained in the email’s subject line. The subject usually contains a sense of Urgency. For example, it will read in one’s inbox â€Å"Your account needs to be verified† or â€Å"Your Account is about to be suspended.† CONCLUSION It is important to note that computer security is always dependent on the weakest link in the Chain. Security on the Internet and exposure to a potential attack is contingent upon the security Or lack thereof, of other parts of the network. It is also important to note that there is an Increasing number of dedicated infrastructure attacks. The interdependency of systems connected To the Internet used to carry out day-to-day business is ever growing and increasingly being Relied upon by variety of businesses, governments, and a numerous of other operations. There are four categories DDoS, worms, attacks on the Internet Domain Name System (DNS) And attacks against or using routers. Any attacks describe from my research could lead to Denial Of Service, compromise of sensitive or personal information, misinformation, and an extreme Economic impact, largely from lost revenue and the time and resources necessary to recover. Reference Second Edition Digital Crime and Digital Terrorist (Robert W. Taylor, Eric J. Fritsch, John Liederbach, and Thomas J. Holt) www.pearsonhighered.com Grossman, M. (Feb. 1999) â€Å"Cyber terrorism† http://www.mgrossmanlaw.com/articles/1999.cyberterrorism.htm Computer Security Policy and Research Institute. http.//www.cpi.seas.gwu.edu/aboutus.html www.research.ibm.com/antivirus www.internetfraud.usdoj.gov

The Natural of Semantic Change

SEMANTICS THE NATURE OF SEMANTIC CHANGE Presented by group 9: Riva Nugraha Jiwa 0910733154 Alfi Nurhidayati 1010731008 Nadia Turrahmi 1010732014 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES ANDALAS UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION 70 years ago, Edward Sapir introduced a new concept of linguistics. He said that language moved on every time and then created their own forms and never static. Every word, every grammatical element, proverbs, sounds and accents configured which was changed slowly and this was the ways how a language could long lasting.This concept of language made the other linguists interested. The change of meaning could happen because of some reasons, according to Millet a meaning could change easily because of the discontinuous from one generation to the other generations, the blur of meaning, the lost of motivation, the appearance of polysemy, there are some ambiguous contexts, vocabulary structures, and so on. The nature of semantic change can be divided into some categories, met aphor, metonymy, popular etymology, ellipsis, and also some consequences change of meaning. SEMANTIC CHANGE A.The nature of semantic change Aksioma Leibniz said â€Å"natura non facit saltus† that means the nature changed indirectly and slowly, this sentence also can we applied in change of meaning. Every changing had their each reason and always related and associated from the old meaning into the new meaning. One of semantics tradition looks up meaning as â€Å"the interrelationship between name and meaning†. So, we can conclude that change of meaning divide into two types: change of meaning based on association of meaning-meaning, and also name-name. Every type can be differs into similarity ad contiguity. . Metaphor Metaphor is important in language because it can make them more creative and aesthetics, it is common in literary field such as poem. Metaphor has some functions in everyday life, there are as the motivation, expression ways, as the source of synonym an d polysemy, to fill the blank in vocabulary, and the way to express the emotion, etc. The structure of metaphor is simple, it always said one thing is another thing. It does not use the word as, like, and comparative words and other, this case make the reader try to find the similarities.For example: a) Her home is a prison, in this case her home have same characteristic of prison, we can imagine that she can’t leave her home, she tapped inside, and maybe afraid of the outside. b) The police man let him off by a yellow card, in this sentence ‘yellow card’ refers to warning, the original sense is in soccer player a yellow card that the referee shows to the player when cautioning them and give the second chance to introspect themselves. c) in Indonesian language we can take the example Gonzales menanduk bola, we know that Gonzales is a human and he did the work which is did by an animal buffalo.In this case, menanduk have same meaning with the other, because it ref ers to an action using a head, in human we call menyundul and in buffalo we cal menanduk. * Anthropomorphic metaphor The person who is interested toward this kind of metaphor is Giambattista Vico, he said that in every language the most part of expression refer to inanimate, compared by transferring from any part of body, sense, and also the emotion of human being. For example: a) in Indonesian language: jantung kota, bahu jalan, mulut sungai, etc. b) in English language muscle comes from Latin language musculus that means ‘little mouse’. Animal metaphor This category applied for animal or inanimate types, many plants using animal’s name to call them. For example: a) lidah buaya, kumis kucing, jambu monyet, etc. b) in English there are some plants with animal’s name goat’s-beard and dog’s tail. Beside that, there are animal’s name transferred into human being for describe humor, irony, and other. For example: si beo, the speaker use th is word toward the other because they have same characteristic or their action refer to the animal itself. * From concrete to abstractOne of the tendency in metaphor is explaining the abstract into the concrete, when we try to find the abstract word at first we must know the concrete one. For example in English light ‘sinar, cahaya, lampu’ which is concrete, when this word close to the other morpheme they sometimes become abstract like highlights ‘menyoroti’. If it compares to Indonesian language the condition is same, for example the concrete one is ‘sinar, cahaya’, it become abstract metaphor in sorot mata, hidupnya sedang bersinar, ajarannya menyinari dunia, harta yang menyilaukan, and so on. Synaesthetic metaphor This metaphor based on the transferred of one sense to the other sense, for example from sense of hearing to sight, from touch to sound, etc. If we talk about the sound which is warm and cool, we can see that there are the similari ties between temperatures with the kind of sounds. The structure of metaphor begin in literary works when the raising of symbolism era. We can see from one of Shakespeare’s work: I see a voice; now will I to the chink To spy an I can hear my Thisby’s face 2. MetonymyMetonymy involves some sort of connection between concepts, but in this case there is no similarity between them, but they are closely linked in some other way. Metonymy can divide into the association they based on. First, metonymy transfer based on spaces and places. The change of meaning the Latin word coxa ‘pinggul’ into France language cuisse ‘pupu;paha’ it explained that pinggul and paha is our part of body which is close and do not have correct constraint. Second, metonymy transfer based on time or temporal.The name of action or event can be transferred into something that predate and follow the change. For example, in English, ‘collation’ now defined into diffe rent meaning ‘perbandingan’ and ‘makanan ringan’ where as both of them are relates. Previously, in Catholic ceremony the reading from Collationes Patrum by Cassian usually read before the end of mass, it followed by snack which called collation because the snack related with the reading. So, the name of book followed by the snack that also consume in the close time in mass period.Third, the relation can create the change of metonymy, there are some part that is important but sometime it divide into own category, or we can call it pars pro toto. For example in Indonesia, ‘pasukan baju kuning’ it refers to the group who clean up the road. And the last metonymy is simple and famous because we don’t need the worst and crucial speech. We know that most of the founder named something which they found by their name. For example, the terminology in electricity ampere, volt, ohm named by the founder Andre Ampere, Count Allessandro Volta, and Geor g Simon Ohm. . Popular Etymology Etymology is the branch of linguistics that studies the origin and development of words and other linguistic forms. The examples of the areas that are studied include the earliest origins of a word, how its meanings and connotations have changed, the meanings and origins of its component parts, whether or how it has spread to other languages, and how its meaning or use has been influenced by other words. The history of a word also is called its etymology.For example, France language forain become English foreign which come from Latin foranus, one of derivative from Latin foris ‘tidak dengan; ke luar negeri; the nature meaning is the foreign as we used in English. 4. Ellipsis Words which often occur side by side are act to have a semantic influence on each other. We have already sees an example of this in the history of negation in French. The commonest form which this influence takes in ellipsis. In a set phrase made up of two words, one of the se it omitted and its meaning it transferred to its partner.For example, in Jakarta’s dialect ‘tidak tahu’, sometimes just utter in ‘tahu’. B. The consequences of the change of meaning * The change in the area of meaning Many older writer divide change of meaning in three categories, there are: extension, restriction, and the last that do not grouped into both of them. The division can called as â€Å"logical division† they also has some weaknesses, although the division is simple and easy. The division does not give clearly describing about the formal form in causes or the background how it can be changed.And then, the third division just grouped because can’t let in first and second division. Truthfully the basic is the meaning become wide or narrow and continuously by the time. 1). Restriction This change make the meaning of certain word become restrict and the intense become more variable. For example, English ‘poison’ means racun, first the word come from ‘potion’ that means ‘beer’ because beer can damage our body and sometimes make somebody die. Later poison just use to refer the drink that can make somebody die, not to all of beer. 2). ExtensionIn extension meaning, the word can be applied in large contexts by following the time the intense become weaker and something that referred become smaller. For example, arriver in France and arrive in English, this word come from Latin arripare, it become ripa ‘tepi sungai; pantai’ because it refers to the coming of someone. * The changes in evaluation: pejorative and ameliorative 1). Pejorative The change caused the word become lower or negative than before, for example: ‘perempuan’ come from ‘empu’ that means ‘ibu jari’ it should be has higher meaning.But nowadays, ‘perempuan’ is lower if compare to ‘wanita’. 2). Ameliorative The change caused the wo rd become higher and positive than before, for example: ‘minister’ at first define as ‘minus or slave’ but nowadays the meaning become higher into ‘the person who stayed in governmental system. CONCLUSION The Nature of Semantic Change, there is must always be some connection, some association between the old and the new meaning, association is the necessary condition of semantic change.Meaning is determined by three factors: the objective reference (the referent), the subjective apprehension (the subject, i. e. the speaker or the hearer) and the traditional range (the word). Any change has as its immediate cause a change in one of these three relations. Types of semantic change: Similarity of the senses (metaphor), Contiguity of the senses (metonymy), Similarity of the names (folk etymology), Contiguity of the names (ellipsis), all of these types is changes that occur with time. Reference: * Ullman, Stephen. 2011. Pengantar Semantik. Pustaka Pelajar: Yogyakarta

Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Literacy - Essay Example However, he does not apply it, instead he sells the bags to get money for food and clothes and during harvesting, he gets minimal returns. The farmer goes to the company complaining of poor pay while he â€Å"did all the work† on the farm and so needs pay increase. Such a farmer can read and write his name and receipts but he cannot figure out that the reason he is being given the fertilizer is to boost production. Such a person knows how to read and write but he is not literate as a literate person could be able to figure out this. Literacy and literary skills is an important course to undertake because it helps make people realize the act of being responsible and trying to think critically in some situations. This also helps students to uphold their spiritual norms, as they will be able to interpret their respective books of faith and norms of the society hence sanity restoration. Since the start of the course, students already knew how to read and write and was expected that as such they should be able to read the spiritual book and know how to behave and relate while on campus. However, as it happens sometime students do not understand the rules or how to apply them in real life. This means that they can read but they are not able to apply the knowledge in their daily life and therefore literacy goes beyond mere reading or writing. A writer like Freire for example was not educated because he could not learn while hungry. In addition, he now advocates for both adults and young people to be taught how to read and write. He says, â€Å"Because education and literacy empower people to overcome oppression by giving them the ability to understand the manipulations.† On the other hand, Mirabelli was for literacy n the catering department. Waiters should have literacy on how to read but also apply it in how to serve well the customers. Literacy is a very vital thing in the society. It helps to restore

E-commerce Individual Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

E-commerce Individual Assignment - Essay Example Although, there has been a failure of various electronic commerce initiatives but e-commerce is still of significant use to the economy of many companies. To understand the importance of the e business in the company, the case study will focus on the Gulf Agency Company that is a global leading provider of shipping and logistics materials. However, the company does not utilize the e- business modules in an efficient and effective manner due to the challenges and threats in the industry. The case will evaluate the areas of weakness of the Gulf Agency Company due to the failure of utilizing the e -business and discuss the various e business modules that it can employ to improve the situation. Meanwhile, the case will articulate its failing of the company based on the e-business can evaluate the areas for growth and development. 2. Internal and external analysis of GAC 2.1 SWOT analysis The SWOT analysis of the GAC will help in highlighting the areas of the business inefficiencies and i neffectiveness in its current business processes due to lack of an efficient and effective e business. ... 56).Thus, the SWOT analysis assist to examine the effectiveness of management providing clear comprehending of the e business before any action is taken. The process of undertaking internal analysis closely parallels of performing external audit that is done by the company’s representatives, managers and employees. The internal look analysis is based on the management, marketing research and development and the information technology system. The significant source of the strength of the GAC in its business operation is the availability of adequate financial resources and well trained staff in functional area strategies. However, instead of the company concentrating too much on its strength it is vital to look for the weakness that would diminish the organization ability to offer quality products and services. Most of the weakness of the GAC business operations arises are recognized from the perspective of the customers so that to have an honest evaluation of the failures the c ompany is facing and will affect the future of the company. The company is currently facing the weakness of not having a proper management system in that time and balanced scorecard has not been incorporated with the tailored training of the business that make it prone to challenges. Meanwhile, in current company’s research shows that to combat the difficulties of economies of scale the company needs expansion in its business portfolios so that to reach a wider market by way of diversification of products in the market and doing mergers. Further, the interview conducted on its employees revealed that there was an inefficient and ineffective of the e-business techniques that caused problems in outsourcing. The company needed to implement outsourcing

Asymmetric Information Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Asymmetric Information - Article Example (investopedia.com) v. Interest Rate Swap - An agreement between two parties (known as counterparties) where one stream of future interest payments is exchanged for another based on a specified principal amount. Interest rate swaps often exchange a fixed payment for a floating payment that is'linked to an interest rate (most often the LIBOR). A company will typically use interest rate swaps to limit or manage exposure to fluctuations in interest rates, or to obtain a marginally lower interest rate than it would have been able to get without the swap. (Investopedia.com) 2. The general law of tradeable goods which says that the good will be sold at the same price regardless of where it is produced is called The Law of One Price. The law of one price says that goods will be sold at the same price whether it is produced in India or in U.S. The difference in their selling price will be reflected by the nominal exchange rate. In this respect, the nominal exchange rate will adjust so as one good can be bought at the same price using different currencies. 3. In mathematics, it will be shows as: 1/P = e/P* where P is the local price, P* is the foreign price and e is the nominal exhange rate. From this we see that equality will be manitaines if e adjusts to whatever the value of P and P*are. 3. Interest Rate Parity - A second principle, Interest Rate Parity, ties the interest rates of two nations with their exchange rates.' According to the Interest Rate Parity principle, the difference in similar nominal or market rates of interest should be equal to the forward premium of the nation with the lower inflation rate.' Otherwise arbitrage will occur, the profitability of which will cease only when interest rate parity once again prevails. (http://byrned.faculty.udmercy.edu/) As seen in the graph, an increase in the foreign interest rate will lessen the demand for domestic assets. Thus the demand curve shifts to the left. The shift of the demand curve to the left, causes a change in the equilibrium point. With the new equilibrium point, the returns from expected asset holdings declines and the exchange rate also declines. This means that the domestic currency weakens. Using the law of demand, we know that as the foreign interest rate (thus returns) increases, more will demand foreign currency instead of domestic currency. Thus it's value declines. 4. There are two problems that arise from asymmetric information: the adverse selction and the moral hazard problem. Adverse Selection - Adverse selection, anti-selection, or negative selection is a term used in economics, insurance, statistics, and risk management. It refers to a market process in which "bad" results occur when buyers and sellers have asymmetric information (i.e. access to different information): the "bad" products or customers are more likely to be selected. A bank that sets one price for all its checking account customers runs the risk of being adversely selected against by its low-balance, high-activity (and hence least profitable) customers. (Wikipedia.com) Moral hazard - Moral hazard is a special case of information asymmetry, a situation in which one party in a transaction has more information

Wk 2 discussion 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wk 2 discussion 2 - Essay Example Hodges is already implementing in her classroom, and which would be deemed effective and beneficial for students like Ernest are the: (1) planning pyramid, where contents that students will learn would be classified according to: (a) contents that all students will learn; (b) contents that most students will learn; and (c) contents that few students will learn (in Ernest’s case, Ms. Hodges could discern which contents would be most applicable for learning within his intellectual level; (2) nine types of instructional adaptations where Ms. Hodges could tailor and identify the â€Å"the difficulty level of lessons, structure how students participate and provide responses, and provide peer support for learning mate† (Rosenberg, Westling, & McLeskey, 2007, par. 6); and (3) provision of peer tutoring. As revealed, peer tutoring would be beneficial for Ernest to focus on relevant course materials that would be used for class discussion and for examinations. Rosenberg, M. S., Westling, D. L., & McLeskey, J. (2007). Can You Help Me with This Student? In M. S. Rosenberg, D. L. Westling, & J. McLeskey, Special Education for Today’s Teachers: An Introduction (p. 222). Prentice

Liable or Not Liable Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Liable or Not Liable - Essay Example , EcoCath made according to me, a full disclosure of their business position with regard to products of interests, marketing strategies projected income and other linkages with potential investor companies. All this were at the disposal of Medsystems to factor in, investigate the extent of their efficacy before getting into a contract with EcoCath (courtcases.net, 2000). In their representations preceding the contract, EcoCath table all the material facts to Medsystems. These included the fact that the financial projections were not real and were a mere assumptions made as the bench marks for the business (courtcases.net, 2000). In the EcoCath prospects delivered to Medsystems the position of the company in relation to capitalization, future plans, financial data and collaborative agreements were vivid (courtcases.net, 2000). The collaborative agreement can plays a pivotal role in EcoCath’s defense, this is because in it was the cautioned by EcoCath that the partnership enter ed into with other investors will be risky and that assurance could not be given to these strategic partners regarding the agreements reached. It is the fair to believe that Medsystems were operating at the apex of information when they decided to sign the agreement (courtcases.net, 2000). The innocence of EcoCath is also corroborated by the fact that in their response later of agreement, they unequivocally stated that their persuasion to enter into the partnership was occasioned not by the EcoCaths prospects but by their physical assessment of the company any consent from their technocrats. They also acknowledged the enormous risks involved in share investments and that in the event of loss they will bear the circumstances (courtcases.net, 2000). Medsystems’ suit

Estimation of gravitational acceleration due to pendulim Assignment

Estimation of gravitational acceleration due to pendulim - Assignment Example The use of a simple pendulum experiment in the study of motion helps to provide valuable insights into the acceleration of objects due to the gravitational force. In this experiment, a mass is set to swing to determine the number of oscillations in a particular period. Such an oscillatory motion is referred to as simple harmonic motion (JHA & JHA, 2009 pg. 275). This experiment was conducted to facilitate the understanding of the relationship between various parameters in an oscillatory system. As such, the main objective of this experiment is to estimate the value of gravitational force acting on the pendulum and compare this value with the widely accepted value of 9.81m/s2, mathematically. The period is the time a simple pendulum takes to complete a single oscillation. This physical quantity does not depend on the mass and the amplitude of the swing. However, it is dependent on factors such as the pendulum’s length and the acceleration due to the gravitation. A shorter pendulum has a shorter period than a longer pendulum (Matthews 2005, p.133). In small swings (swings with small angles), the period, T, of a pendulum with a certain length, L, is given by; There exists only one true value of the period of a swinging pendulum; no matter the measurement method and how precise the instrumentation used can be applied. As such, a measurement of the period is a true value approximation and gives either the true value or a value close to the true value. From the above, acceleration due to gravitational force can be determined by making g the subject of the formula, that is, g = 4π2L / T2. The apparatus used in the experiment included the pendulum bob, string, split cork, and timer. The thread of the pendulum was placed between two halves of a split cork and clamped to a firm support. Additionally, the length of the thread was set at a

Power point presentation on The Goblin shark , the retractable jaw, PowerPoint

Power point on The Goblin shark , the retractable jaw, shape and colour of body as well as the electro-sensitive organs for finding prey - PowerPoint Presentation Example The goblin shark’s classification is as follows: it is from the kingdom Animalia, under the phylum chordata, class chondrichthyes, the cartilagenous fishes, subclass elasmobranchii, order lamniformes, family mitsukurinidae, genus mitsukurina, and species owstoni. The English common name is goblin shark, and its Japanese name is Ten-gu za-me, which is literally translated as goblin shark, due to the protruding snout. Slide 4 The goblin shark is mostly seen in the coastal areas of Tosa Bay and Boso Peninsula in Japan, where it was first seen. They are demersal, meso-pelagic to benthic, and are mostly found in the bottom of the ocean floor, as evidenced by fishermen catching them in nets that are dragged on the bottom of the ocean. They can be found as deep as 2000m. They are mostly found in temperate areas, but are also found around the tropics, as shown in the succeeding slide. Slide 5 As seen from the distribution pattern, in yellow, these are the areas where sightings of the goblin shark are recorded from mostly sparse literature available. Because of the inability of the shark to live in aquariums, presumably due to its adaption in living at great depths, other parts of its life cycle such as reproduction and growth are remained in obscurity. However, examining the bowels of dead goblin sharks have made their feeding habits and prey known. Slide 6 As apex predators of the ocean, goblin sharks are just like other sharks that have electro-sensitive organs called the ampullae of Lorenzini, which detect the motions of prey near the ocean floor. Their retractable jaws suck in prey, and with the combination of their blade-like teeth prevent the prey from escaping. They are also known to be nocturnal, due to some sightings of them surfacing the waters at night. Slide 7 The prey most found in the stomachs of the goblin sharks that were caught were small, mesopelagic teleosts such as lantern

THE GRAPHIC ART Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

THE GRAPHIC ART - Essay Example Riggle (2012: 255) describes street art as â€Å"artworks whose use of the street is essential to their meanings.† In this, Riggle implies that street art is necessary and applicable only in streets where they display their significance to several passers-by. There are several street arts that are available in various holographs in today’s museums and other photo and pictures sources such as archives. This essay will succinctly verify or back up Riggle’s description of street art using two popular and early drawing artists; England based graffiti artist, Banksy and South African artist, Robin Rhode. The two are renowned street artists whose artworks have been posted on various websites. The essay will mainly handle the role or the necessity of street artworks, as well as their impacts to the immediate society. To begin with, Banksy did several artworks which are mainly considered street art with hidden meanings that are necessary to teach certain lessons to the s ociety. Since he was also a painter, political activist and film director, he came up with attractive street art graffiti and inherent dark humor that was excellently done in distinctive and special inherent stenciling technique. Most of his artistic works have been featured in public areas such as walls, streets and bridges. Historically, his work was born out of artist-musician collaboration popularly referred to as Bristol underground scene. One of his street artworks was a stenciled graffiti that appeared on Thames Water tower. It was located in Holland park roundabout. The image consisted of a child clutching and doing painting work on the tag titled â€Å"Take this society†. Councilor Greg Smith (London and Fulham spokesman) considered the photo vandalistic and made an order for its instant removal from the location. The removal was carried out by the then H&F Council workmen within three consecutive days. The graffiti had a lot of significance to the then European soci ety, in terms of its political situations. Analytically, the artwork was meant to show that Europe was under control by a particular group of its leaders who controlled every life sector in the continent beginning from economy, social lives, as well as the politics. The idea of the boy painting the tag is sarcastic in the making as he advises or informs some people in the society to take control and own the society personally. The child symbolizes the common man in Europe who is unhappy with some of totalitarian practices exhibited by the leaders in the way they govern their subjects. This is typically in line with Banksy’s political activist nature or characteristic. The second street artwork of Banksy is LDN6 which appeared in May 2006. Iit appeared at the back of something that looked like a permanent street stall for selling bags and T-shirts on the Tottenham Court road, next to its junction with the Store Street. The art photo did not stay long at the stall. It was remov ed by the end of June with the permission from the stall owner, Sam Khan, a sixty year old man who had no idea about Banksy and his artwork (Bull, 2011: 311). In fact, the stall owner did not have any idea about the meaning or rather the interpretation of the artwork. The photo was then sold to someone at a reported price of 1000 Euros in cash. The stall owner got annoyed when he saw the same photo being sold at a minimum price of 230,000 Euros and much better prices in New York. From the picture, it can be seen that the painter had written, â€Å"What?† in purple color on a grey wall with other non formulated black drawings and writings. Interpreted, Branky’s main reason for the work is to show what the unclear dark drawings had not clearly revealed

Mediation in Indian Legal System Essay Example for Free

Mediation in Indian Legal System Essay There are as many 3. 2 crore cases pending in our courts . The number of pending cases may be due to many loop holes in our legal system , these loop holes are known to us but some of them cannot be dealt with because of stringent laws , moreover to face them and to reduce the number a new thing came into being known as ADR ( Alternate Dispute Resolution ) system which as the name suggests is an alternative system to the commonly followed litigation system which is time consuming and sometimes doesn’t provide a common judgment which may be in favor of both the parties. Therefore an act came up in year 1996 known as ADR act 1996 which empowered with a parallel legal alternative which was followed In the U. S. A. Implementation of ADR in India: The implementation of Alternative Dispute Resolution mechanisms as a means to achieve speedy disposal of justice is a crucial issue. The sea-change from using litigation as a tool to resolve disputes to using Alternative Dispute Resolution mechanisms such as conciliation and mediation to provide speedy justice is a change that cannot be easily achieved. The first step had been taken in India way back in 1940 when the first Arbitration Act was passed. However, due to a lot of loop-holes and problems in the legislation, the provisions could not fully implemented. However, many years later in 1996, The Arbitration and Conciliation Act was passed which was based on the UNCITRAL model, as already discussed in the previous section of the paper. The amendments to this Act were also made taking into account the various opinions of the leading corporates and businessmen who utilise this Act the most. Sufficient provisions have been created and amended in the area of Lok Adalats in order to help the rural and commoner segments to make most use of this unique Alternative Dispute Resolution mechanism in India. Therefore, today the provisions in India sufficiently provide for Alternative Dispute Resolution. However, its implementation has been restricted to just large corporates or big business firms. Lok Adalats, though a very old concept in Indian Society, has not been implemented to its utmost level. People still opt for litigation in many spheres due to a lot of drawbacks. Provisions made by the legislators need to be utilised. This utilisation can take place only when a definite procedure to incerase the implementation of ADR is followed. In order to have such an implementation programme, it is necessary to analyse what the problems are and rectify them. Mahatma Gandhi had put in correct words as : â€Å"I had learnt the true picture of law. I had learnt to find out the better side of human nature and to enter mens heart. I realised that the true function of a lawyer was to unite parties riven as under. The lesson was so indelibly burnt into me that a large part of my time during the twenty years of my practice as a lawyer was occupied in bringing about private compromised of hundred of cases. I lost nothing thereby-not even money-certainly not my soul. † The Idea behind finding an alternate was to provide if not greater but equal form of justice. Certain things were kept in mind like a)it should provide equality and be fair b) it should same as judgments based on ethics c) it should be within the law framework of the country d) and it should be able to come up with remedies which a litigative system doesn’t provides. Further one cannot deny the fact that many pitfalls in the Indian Legal System such as delay in justice,expense on drafting , rigitidy of rules and limited participation of parties are few flaws. Every litigant expects to be hared by the judge but due to the rigidity norms its delayed however the rigidity is necessary to maintain the probity of the judicial process. Natural justice as a matter of principle demands judges to hear both the parties in presence of eachother, if it is not than its anathema. Mediation on the other hand is a process in which a person cannot be judgemental but a fecilitator who is just and views underlying issues who helps in communication between two parties and reach a common solution. He however can furnish a report on his mediation and then forward it to the judiciary. This process involves meeting the parties separately and also together . The matter is discussed and accordingly a common solution is found out which of the benefit to both the parties. The mediator understands the source of conflict between the parties and within the parameters of laws suggests them a solution thus creation new ideas. These are advised to the parties and its further for them to accept it. Besides that in mediation process one understands the situation of the other and accordingly reach the conclusion. In the Indian legal system the adversarial nature of our lawyers which involve confliction views are necessary adjunct to effort of the court to investigate facts. But here an individual client feels marginalized in the presentation of his viewpoints by his lawyer before the court as litigants who contest in person give vent to their emotion,opinions,perceptions and interests. Thus mediation calls for in person involvement of a person so that his views are expressed and his emotions. interests, concerns, receive empathy and process is practical. Always judicial remedies are not geared to accommodate. Mediation provides a real alternative as mediation outcomes are less likely to be evaded and parties look beyond the formal confines of a legal dispute. Some cases are not be dealt in conventional court setting such as business and personal relationship where confidentiality is an important aspect. Therefore they require mediation .

Immunological Responses to Malaria

Immunological Responses to Malaria Our immune system is comprised of many specialised components, which work collectively to defend the body from harmful foreign bodies. Knowledge of the immune response elicited during malarial infections mainly comes from research using small animal models such as rodents; Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium yoelii are species of rodent malaria commonly used in studies. Although an immune response is elicited against malaria, in many individuals the parasite is not effectively eliminated, allowing the parasite to multiply and induce clinical symptoms. Due to the morphological transformations occurring, a different group of immune components will be stimulated at different stages of the life cycle. Pre-erythrocytic stage Following immunisation of irradiated sporozoites, sterile protective immunity against malaria can be induced in all models studied, including humans (Nussenzweig et  al., 1967; Edelman et al., 1993; Doolan Hoffman, 2000). Rodent models have implicated antibodies as mediators of this protective immunity; Potocnjak et al. found that monoclonal antibodies against plasmodium berghei sporozoite proteins neutralised the parasite, blocking hepatocyte invasion and protecting mice from subsequent infection (Potocnjak et al., 1980). However, as discussed by Good Doolan, parasite elimination in humans by antibodies is unlikely, as high levels of pre-circulating specific antibody would be required at sporozoite inoculation to prevent hepatocyte infection (Good Doolan, 1999). In addition, studies have demonstrated that antibodies do not mediate protection and instead cell mediated responses are involved (Belnoue et al., 2004). Schofield et al. highlighted the significance of a group of T lymphocytes called cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and the cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-ÃŽÂ ³). Mice immunised with attenuated sporozoites were not protected from malarial infection when depleted of CD8+ T cells, and when IFN-ÃŽÂ ³ was neutralised mice were no longer immune (Schofield et al, 1987). Other studies have reported similar conclusions, suggesting CD8+ T cells and IFN-ÃŽÂ ³ are important mediators of an immune response against pre-erythrocytic stages, as reviewed by Doolan Martinez-Alier (Doolan Martinez-Alier, 2006). However little is known of the activation or mechanism of CD8+ T cells in malarial infection. Rodent models have suggested naà ¯ve CD8+ T cells in the lymph nodes near the site of inoculation or in the liver become activated through coming into contact with antigen presenting cells called dendritic cells (DCs), which prime CD8+ T cells through cross presenting sporozoite antigens such as CSP. D Cs internalise, process and present antigens in association with MHC class I molecules to CD8+ T cells. After specific interaction and co-stimulatory molecule signals, CD8+ T cells become activated and migrate to, or stay in the liver, where they can eliminate parasitised hepatocytes (Jung et al, 2002; Amino et al., 2006). Usually CD8+ T cells kill via cytotoxic mechanisms; however immunity to P. berghei sporozoites in mice was found to be independent of cytotoxicity molecules fas and perforin, which suggests the cytokine secretion of CD8+ T cells, eliminates parasites (Renglli et al., 1997). Evidence also indicates IL-12 and natural killer (NK) cells are important for CD8+ T cells to carry out effector functions (Doolan Hoffman, 1999). CD4+ T cells are essential for CD8+ T cell effector responses and optimal functioning; IL-4 secreting CD4+ T cells are crucial (Carvalho et al., 2002; Doolan Martinez-Alier, 2006). Furthermore, CD4+ T cells have anti-parasitic functions; CD4+ T cells clones derived from mice immunised with irradiated sporozoites, provided protection against sporozoite infection in malaria-naà ¯ve mice (Tsuji et al., 1990). Belnoue et al. proved both CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells were important to eliminate pre-erythrocytic P. yoelii in mice; protection was mediated by IFN-ÃŽÂ ³ production and dependent upon nitric oxide (NO) (Belnoue et al., 2004). The toxic effects of NO, suggest it is a critical mediator of effectively eliminating malaria. The mechanisms remain undefined; studies have implicated many different immune components, which can singularly or collectively confer protection in rodent models, with parallel studies identifying different critical mediators. Erythrocytic stage Passive transfer studies provide evidence that antibodies are important in eliminating parasites; antibodies from malaria-immune individuals successfully treat individuals with malaria (Cohen S et al, 1961). Furthermore immunity in individuals living in malaria endemic areas may be mediated by high concentrations of antibody specific for a variety of erythrocyte stage parasitic antigens (Osier et al, 2008). As reviewed by Beeson et al., antibodies play a role and are likely to target merozoite proteins, such as MSP-1, to prevent erythrocyte invasion. Antibodies may also target parasitic ligands on the surface of PRBCs such as PfEMP-1. Antibody mechanisms may include inhibition of parasitic development or assist cell mediated destruction of PRBCs or merozoites through opsonisation or via the complement system (Beeson et al., 2008). As discussed by Engwerda, the spleen is a primary site of cell mediated immune responses against erythrocytic parasites (Engwerda et al., 2005). Murine models have highlighted the significance of CD4+ T cells in eliminating malaria and suggest they are important for gamma-delta T cell (ÃŽÂ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ´ T cell) expansion in the spleen during infection (van der Heyde et al.,1993). Research suggests that DCs internalise parasites, mature and migrate to the spleen, where they can present parasitic antigens in association with MHC class I molecules to naà ¯ve CD4+ T cells. The subsequent differentiation of CD4+ T cells, through IL-12 secretion from DCs, mediates protective immunity against erythrocytic malarial parasites. Th1 cells activate macrophages through the secretion of IFN-ÃŽÂ ³ and Th2 cells assist B cell maturation for the production of antibodies through IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 secretion (Taylor-Robinson, 1998; Good Doolan 2010). The production of IL-12 is also believed to ac tivate natural killer (NK) cells, which secrete IFN-ÃŽÂ ³. Cytokine secretions from activated cells simulate a positive feedback loop, amplifying the immune response. Using mice, Couper et al. demonstrated that monocytes/macrophages are crucial to eliminate malaria; the infection got worse in mice depleted of these cells. Evidence suggested there are other pathways of activating macrophages other than T cells and IFN-ÃŽÂ ³ (Couper et al., 2007). Activated macrophages secrete TNF-ÃŽÂ ±, a mediator of inflammation, which is believed to participate in the pathogenesis of malaria. Macrophages destroy some PRBCs through phagocytosis and by the release of toxic free radicals such as NO (Good Doolan, 2010). Therefore antibodies, T cells, cytokines, macrophages and free radicals are likely to all play a role in the immune response against the symptomatic stage of the malaria life cycle.

Thai Immigration In United States

Thai Immigration In United States Throughout the history, America is considered as the destination for a stream of immigrants from various parts of the world. Immigration plays a significant role not only in making Americas development possible but also in shaping American society. High rates of migration from distinctly different places in the world reflect and also shape a lot about the basic nature of American society and economy. They came to make new lives and livelihoods in the New World, and their hard work benefited themselves and their new home country. The immigrant group not only comes from European countries, but also comes from Asian countries. Thai immigrant is also considered as one of the largest group of Asian immigrants in United States. They flee from their mainland to the various destinations in United States. Some immigrants settle down there, but some just stay for a while and leave this country. This paper will cover three parts which are the history of Thai immigrants in US, Thai immigrant lif estyle in US (destination choices and employment and occupation pattern), and Thai culture represents by immigrant group (assimilation, tradition and beliefs, cuisine, religion, and family unit). History of Thai Immigrants in US In Thai history, there was no evidence of Thai immigrants to US until 1961. The beginning point of Thai immigration to United States started during the Vietnam War. At that time, the official American military arrived to Thailand in order to settle down the US stationed troops and prepare for war in Vietnam. US military supported Thai military programs in terms of financial support. Moreover, money that came in the country from military tourism changed the living standard of Thai people at that time. After interacting with the American soldiers, Thais saw that United States was full of opportunities in both education and economics, and immigration to this country can lift up the living standard (Immigration History of the Thai to the United States, n.d.). Apart from these factors, the immigration law of US at that period is attractive to the new coming immigrant. In 1965, U.S. enforced the immigration and nationality act which aims to support family unification. It also aims to encou rage U.S. citizens in the U.S. to patronize their family members as a new immigrant. This seems to be the important opportunity for Asians who are the citizens of U.S. to bring their family members. Moreover, it makes immigration become easier for Asian especially Thais. However, in fact, the target group of this immigration act is the European immigrants, but as a result, there were lots of Asian immigrants pour in to the country which was never happen before (Asian Nation, n.d.). In 1970, around 5,000 of Thais immigrated to United States with the ratio of three women to one man. Most of immigrants were composed of medical doctors, business men, and wives of U.S. military. We can assume that the ratio of three women to one men come from wives of U.S. military (Immigration History of the Thai to the United States, n.d.). The immigrant of Thai ancestry also includes the Thai Dam and other ethnic groups from the northern Vietnam and Laos (Megan Ratner, 2011). According to J.S. Lindber g, Thai immigration is categorized into three stages which are pioneer migration, group migration, and mass migration. The first stage or pioneer migration is a few of educated, middle class Thais who flee to U.S. around two postwar decades. The second stage or group migration is immigrants who entered U.S. in the period of the change in American immigration laws. This stage has stable increase in numbers and gradually changes in composition of the immigrant flow. The last group is mass migration which is the transition to the third stage. In this stage, number of Thais who got nonimmigrant visas is stable. (Jacqueline Desbarats, page 303). The unprecedented increase in number of Thai immigrant continues many decades until it reached 44,000 immigrants in 1980, and 64,000 immigrants in 1990 (Thai American, 2011). Thai immigrants in US came in both legal and illegal status. However, there was Refugee Act in October 28, 1977 in order to legalize the illegal immigrant. Its provision is to permit the permanent resident status for Indochinese refugees who were physically present in the United States for at least two years, and were admitted into the United States during specified periods of time (US Citizenship and immigration service, page 5). Thai Lives in US Since Thai immigrated to United States, two largest communities of Thai immigrants are in Los Angeles and California. The number of Thais in California is approximately 32,064, and Thais in Los Angeles are around 19,016. Moreover, other significant concentrations are in Hollywood, between Hollywood and Olympic boulevards and near Western Avenue. Thais are also found in New York City which has population around 6,230 and in Texas with 5,816 populations (Megan Ratner, 2011). The largest concentration runs along Hollywood Boulevard between Normandie Avenue and Western Avenue in Hollywood which is called Thai town. It located in Los Angeles. This city is also the first largest and only Thai town outside Thailand. There are lots of homes and businesses of Thai immigrants scatter around the city. Most of them came to Los Angeles for educational opportunity, and some of them decided to settle down there and open their own businesses. Furthermore, financial crisis in 1980 caused numerous Tha is came to Thai Town and seek for jobs. In 2002, there were around 80,000 Thai immigrants in this city which also includes Thai Chinese population. Because of the influx of Thai immigrants, Los Angeles seems to be the 77th province of Thailand. In Thai town, there are numerous Thai restaurants, glossary stores, markets, silk shop, massage spa, book stores, and import stores (Thai Town, 2011). Everything from Thailand can be found there. Thai Town is established by the Thai Community Development Center (CDC) which is to provide tourists to the town for benefiting those Thai businesses in that area, and to promote this community as a cultural haven. The community promotes Thai culture by celebrating Songkran Festival (Thai New Years Day) every year. The festival is set on the first Sunday in April. This festival is an important day of Thai culture, food, and entertainment which can gather Thais and tourists together. The activities in the festival include fruit and vegetable carvings, Thai painting and handicraft demonstration, and Thai folklore program. In 2008, there were more than 100,000 people joined the festival, in which the number of participants increased as a tenfold in only five years since the first celebration started. This is a great chance to give visitors and locals to experience the diversity of Thai Town, and also to support the local economies in the area (Preserve America Community, 2009). In the same year, Thai Town in Los Angeles was also awarded a Preserve America Community by the White House. This means a lot for the community because it increases the visibility of Thai Town for nationwide, and represents the cultural and historical significance of Thai. Thai town will be received government funding for promoting their culture and activities (Thai Town Designation, n.d.). Apart from the destination points of Thai immigrants, employment and occupation pattern of Thai immigrants are different from other groups. They owned numerous kinds of business such as gas stations, travel agencies, beauty shops, grocery stores, and restaurants. The occupation characteristics of Thais are focused to grocery stores and restaurant more than other kinds of business which is composed one-third of all Thais businesses. The occupation pattern of Thai immigrants also affects the residential mobility in US. According to Jacqueline Desbarats, as Thais become better-integrated in the American community, it is likely that their employment opportunities will diversify and that the residential pattern will become more dispersed (page 316). Moreover, the jobs available for new Thai immigrants also provide various services to the community. Thai Culture by the Immigrant Group Even though, immigration to US led to experience the new culture and new way of life, Thai immigrants still chose to remain their own valuable tradition. They learned to adapt well to fit in the new social norm and the new practices in society. Because of their flexibility in the new society, the result is that the first generation of American-born Thais can be easily Americanized. However, the acceptance of the American way of life in this new generation influenced their parents to accept more about American way. American thinks that Thais are too flexible and lacking of newness. They identified Thais by noticing their common expression, mai pen rai, which means never mind or does not matter. Some of them think that this phrase shows the reluctant to develop thought. Furthermore, the relationship in Thai family is still important though they are in United States. Thai family structure represents togetherness. Family members are defined and named based on the relation, their age and the side of family. When Thai immigrants come to settle in United States, these kinds of thing seems to be disappeared from Thai family because of the American society. Thais also maintain their traditions, customs, and beliefs of their native lands. We can see from the most common tradition which is greeting gesture (wai). In Thai tradition, children have to show their respect to the elders by wai, and the elder will smile in a return. Their ways of life in United States are similar to their own land. They do believe in one proverb which is that do good and you will receive good; do evil and you will receive evil (Megan Ratner, 2011). Thai immigrants not only maintain their own tradition and custom, but their religion was also remained. The belief in Buddhism did not gradually disappear from Thais lives. In 1970 Thai immigrants started to form temples in Los Angeles and Washington, D.C., and in the same year, Ven. Phrakhru Vajirathammasophon (Thai monk) of Wat Vajirathamsathit in T hailand came to teach Buddhist sermon and to perform Buddhist ceremonies. Most of Thais believe in Theravada Buddhists which its root comes from India. There were many temples that were created by Thais in US such as Wat Thai in LA and Wat Thai in Washington D.C. Thais and other Asians in US still carry on the religious ceremony like ordination ceremony. Young men who reach the age of twenty will ordain for several days or a month in order to requite their parents and shows that they are ready for marriage (Wendy Cadge, 2005). After Thai immigrants visited United States, they also bring Thai cooking style to this country as well. Thai food seems to be one popular choice in many cities. Thai cuisine is popular in United States, and there are many Thai restaurants throughout the city. Thai cooking style uses only a few ingredients, but they give the priority to the taste of food as an important factor, and they also use the seasoning ingredients in their food. The main dish of Thai co oking style is rice. When Thais talk about rice, they usually mean food. They are accustomed to spoon instead of fork and knife. Food for Thais also means the work of art. The method that represents art is in the fruit or vegetable carving. The pattern of carving shows Thai style of painting and Thai lives. (Megan Ratner, 2011). To recapitulate, Thai immigrants are one group of Asian immigrant in United States which is one factor that shapes United States. They bring the new way of life and new culture to this country. As I read through the information, I think that Thais are well adapted and flexible in various situations. Although, they can accept new thing in society, they still remain their valuable culture and inherit to the next Thai generation.

The Life of William Shakespeare :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Life of William Shakespeare William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, moved to the idyllic town of Stratford-upon-Avon in the mid-sixteenth century, where he became a successful landowner, moneylender, wool and agricultural goods dealer, and glover. In 1557 he married Mary Arden . John Shakespeare lived during a time when the middle class grew and became wealthier and wealthier, thus allowing its members increasing freedoms, luxuries, and voice in the local government. He took advantage of the opportunities afforded him through this social growth and in 1557 became a member of the Stratford Council, an event which marked the beginning of an illustrious political career. By 1561 he was elected one of the town's fourteen burgesses, where he served as constable, one of two chamberlains, and alderman successively. In these positions he administered borough property and revenues. In 1567 he was made bailiff, the highest elected office in Stratford, and the equivalent of a modern day mayor. The town records indicate that William Shakespeare was John and Mary's third child. His birth is unregistered, but legend places it on April 23, 1564, partially because April 23 is the day on which he died 52 years later. In any event, his baptism was registered with the town on April 26, 1564. Not much is known about William's childhood, although it is safe to assume that he attended the local grammar school, the King's New School, which was staffed with a faculty who held Oxford degrees, and whose curriculum included mathematics, natural sciences, Latin language and rhetoric, logic, Christian ethics, and classical literature. He did not attend the university, which was not unusual at this time, since university education was reserved for prospective clergymen and was not a particularly mind-opening experience. However, the education he received at grammar school was excellent, as evidenced by the numerous classical and literary references in his plays. His early works especially dr ew on such Greek and Roman greats as Seneca and Plautus. What is more impressive than his formal education, however, is the wealth of general knowledge exhibited in his works, from a working knowledge of many professions to a vocabulary that is far greater than any other English writer. In 1582, at the age of eighteen, William Shakespeare married the twenty-six year old Anne Hathaway. Their first daughter, Susanna, was baptized only six months later, which has given rise to much speculation concerning the circumstances surrounding the marriage.

Cyber Terrorism Essay -- Internet Web Cyberspace Terror Essays

Cyber Terrorism Thus far we have scratched the surface of the ever-perplexing problem of terrorism. As it has evolved those in the position of countering it have also gained some valuable experience. Even with this knowledge it is very difficult, bordering on impossible to prevent terrorist acts from occurring. In the recent past there has been an extra element added to this confusing and dangerous equation, the Internet and other computer capabilities. Cyber-terrorism is a realistic possibility but is it as detrimental as other forms of conventional terrorism such as a car bomb? I will argue that the implications of a cyber attack could be just as harmful. Traditionally terrorist acts target a specific locale and are executed precisely in this spot. This has been a limit of the damage inflicted upon those the perpetrator hopes to influence and the general public. This playing field has grown enormously to what could be conceived as boundless proportions. "Individuals or groups can now use Cyberspace to threaten International governments, or terrorize the citizens of a country" (cybercrimes.net). The creation of a boundless area of attack makes it that much harder to determine where an act will be taken. Since it is easy to figure out that for cyber-terrorism to occur computers need to be accessible to the groups or individuals committing acts, why not restrict who can use computers? This has actually been considered but would be rather difficult to do in today's world. "Increasingly, America depends on computers'? (Cyberterrorism~ Fact or Fantasy?). We are not alone in this dependency, more and more of global business and personal activities are conducted via the Internet. This in itself indicates a major difference... ...ding civilian officials are aware of the possibility of organized cyber-attacks and have aligned themselves to work toward ensuring computer safety. Even though there are efforts being made to address the possibility of a computer disaster it will more than likely happen anyway. Cyber-terrorism, the wave of the future, is potentially much more harmful than anything we have seen before. Works Cited Cyberterrorism. www. cybercrimes .net. Online. 3 March 2002. Desmond, Paul. â€Å"Thwarting Cyberterrorism.† Network World 18 February 2002: Proquest. Online. 4 March 2002. Groves, Shanna. â€Å"The War on Terrorism: Cyberterrorists Beware.† Information Management Journal Jan/Feb 2002: Proquest. Online. 4 March 2002. Pollitt, Mark M. â€Å"Cyberterrorism- Fact or Fantasy?† FBI Laboratory: www. cs.georgetown.edu. Online. 3 March 2002.

Advantages of Monopoly Essay

Monopolies do not always lead to increased prices, lower outputs and welfare losses. In fact, monopolies can often lead to increases in society’s welfare as large monopolists benefit from economies of scale in production and distribution. These falls in costs can often be passed on to consumers in the form of lower priced products. We will now discuss briefly some of the potential advantages of monopolistic market structures. †¢ Lower production costs and increased welfare Under monopoly, greater output and standardization can lead to lower costs. This can lead to economies of scale and scope, which can be passed on to consumers in the form of lower priced products. †¢ Natural monopolies It could be argued that some industries are more efficiently organized as monopolies. Industries such as water, gas, electricity and communications are often referred to as ‘natural monopolies’. A natural monopoly arises when the ratio of the minimum efficient scale to industry size is so large that industries can only support one efficient firm. In natural monopolies, fixed costs form a large part of total costs. If the monopoly is in private hands, the monopolist maximizes profits where marginal costs equal marginal revenues, and produces at output level and charges price. The monopolist makes excess profits equal to the shaded area. If the firm were forced to charge a price that would prevail under competition, it would set price equal to marginal costs and produce at output level. For example, suppose we have a water company that supplies a certain part of the country through a network of pipes. It would be inefficient for a new firm to enter the market, set up its own system of pipes and then start supplying a segment of the market. This is because the level of output the firm produces would yield insufficient revenue to cover total costs. This competition would therefore lead to wasteful duplication (and competition) of systems. †¢ Technical progress Large monopoly profits may be used to finance research and development programmes. Monopoly profits are the reward for successful innovations. These innovations bring welfare gains to society in the form of new products and processes. Furthermore, these monopoly profits will not persist as there will eventually be entry by imitators or patents will lapse, which will eventually dissipate these profits. These assertions have been tested empirically for manufacturing and service industries in a number of countries. †¢ Avoids wasteful forms of competition Monopolies may avoid wasteful forms of competition such as advertising, which are prevalent features of many oligopolistic market structures. Given that monopolists to some extent have a captive market, there is little incentive for monopolies to advertise. In addition, monopolists may also generate a degree of price stability. They may be expert in accurately gauging the level of demand and supply. A monopolist may also be better placed to endure any downturn in the business cycle. Reference: http://classof1.com/homework-help/economics-homework-help/

The Causes of World War One

World fight cardinal was the result of a series of accidental and garb adopt events. Does this opinion adequately let off the flummoxs of World War One? It is comprehendible that historiographers ponder on what exactly ca utilize a struggle that destroyed europiums economy, cost the lives of 37 million man causality and involved a solid ground from either region of the instauration (from the Americas to Asia). The opinion this evidence will discuss implies that the events that lead to this major(ip) conflict were fortuitous and disconnected and in rate to emit a intellect that would agree or disagree with this run across it is im carriageant to starting line identify the agents of realism fight whizz.Therefore this essay will first discuss the different types of causes ( longsighted, mid and unaw bes verges), respectively patriotism, imperialism/militarism and the blank cheque. and so this essay will evaluate whether these were disconnected and unintend ed events or if there is a connection between the causes. The main sources used in this essay are Coles common nones on arena history and historiographer Martin gigabytes book authorise First World War. The long term causes inclined(p) the ground for the war. nationalism trick be categorized into the long term causes because it had influenced Europe prior to 1914, and as cut writer Guy de Maupassant argues, it is the eldest cause of any war. Quite a habitual phenomenon in the late nineteenth deoxycytidine monophosphate and beginning of the 20th, nationalism produced insolence in ones countrys givements. The world war one themes paper sight that this led to xenophobia and ideas of racial superiority but what it fails to mention is that as oft as nationalism could propose smells of superiority it could alike provide feelings of equality.For example, minorities that antecedently were henpecked by larger agents were forthwith swept with waves of nationalism. This co uld be observed in the Balkans in the prelude of the world war where sm altogether states were experimenting Pan-Slavism, a nationalistic travail for political and cultural solidity of all Slavic people olibanum a threat to the Austrian Empire who dominated the South Slavs.One could argue that this form of nationalism led to Franz Ferdinands assassination by an extreme Serb nationalist group, or that it was the Austrians nationalism (their pride in their achievement of an empire) that pressured them into keeping all minorities at heart the empire at all be this leading to the Austro-Hungarian impossible ultimatum to Serbia on the twenty-third of July 1914.Nationalist mood in Europe could besides be feeln in France more than 30 years subsequentlyward the French were disappointed in the Franco-Prussian war a forbidding cloth still veiled the statue of Strasbourg in the Place de la Concorde and it was a symbol, a constant reminder of the loss of the twain eastern provinces, Alsace and Lorraine. The French still remembered the foiling and often spoke of La Revanche (the revenge).As historian Gilbert argues, War, if it came, would be an irresistible fortune to fulfil long harboured desires or to penalize long-nurtured hatreds. Historian Martin Kelly also argues that it was nationalism, that manifested itself in the pan-Slav feeling of the Russian population, that tied Russia and Serbia together whilst Austria tell war, and thereby triggering what would beat been a circumscribed local conflict into world war.When the Russian tsar signed the order commanding replete(p) mobilisation of Russian troops because Russia could not remain incorporeal to a declaration of war on Serbia and as the ultimate proof of the elating topics of Nationalism, editor Alex Bein remembered that the Russian popular sentiment applauded the fullest possible solidarity with the beleaguered fellow Slavs of Serbia. In this particular case it is difficult to pick up whether these events occurred under the Nationalism potential cause or the Alliances.Without dropping into philosophical or anthropological arguments, this essay will accept that bond papers themselves were generated because of nationalism, as countries really wanted to step-up their power by allying themselves with other powers, which in the end is motivated by a nationalist feeling. It is often observed in general history that events some generation provided occur because they are in a specific scene. Mid-term causes, if it the events that occurred slightly prior to the number one of the war (between 1970 and 1914) can be label so, could be held responsible for creating a context specific to that time.In this case, militarism and imperialism greatly rolld the dealings between the powers and consequently the political shape of pre-war Europe. Imperialism was a symbol of power that allowed the European powers to expand their oversea territories and therefore actualize new markets, raw materials and fields of investment. The movement of the Scramble for Africa left or so of the African untainted occupied by Europeans, notably colonies of Britain, France, Portugal, Spain and Belgium Germany did have some abroad territories, but as historian Gilbert remarks The Kaiser did not make ffective use of its colonies, and own them by name quite an than by practice. This observation shows that the Kaiser attached a symbolic importance to colonies. The ambitious German king wished that his recently united Germany (the German unification had only occurred in 1971, not even half a century before the war) would possess more overseas territories. Unfortunately most of the African continent was al launch occupied leaving the Kaiser with a bitter feeling of rivalry with Britain and France.This led to the dangerous Agadir crisis, in which the Kaiser had ordered a fleet to establish a port at Agadir, on the Atlantic rim of Morocco. The British headacheed this would give t he Germans an undesired punishing grip in Northern Africa, and thus threatened them to respond in a hostile manner if the German gunboat did not depart immediately. The threat was effective, but the cheekiness which left it was equally strong, say Gilbert. At the Reichstag, a few weeks after the event, a social democrat commented in a worried tone that tensions could lead to a war, to which a parliamentarian responded After ever soy war things are better The imperialistic tendencies of Europeans unavoidably led to tensions within Europe itself, generating vernacular suspicions and fear. This could explain why the European powers felt the need to invest in the war machine in the 1870s, all half a dozen major European powers had adopted exacting military training, which resulted in some 4 ? million men under coat of arms by 1914. Each powers General army staffs had well-drawn battle plans in readiness the French had Plan 17, the Germans had Schlieffen plan and Russians had P lan A. By the beginning of the conflict a follow amount of $2 billion a year was spent on troops (all powers combined).It can only be logically concluded that if the powers were investing so much time and money in military they were intending to use it. Finally, it was the short term causes led to critical events that escalated into the war. A general historic view observes that it all began when Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo, on the 28th of June 2014. The Italian orthogonal minister at the time observed that The telegram indicated that the assassination of the Archduke was the occasion rather than the cause of Austrias ultimatum to Serbia, and it reveals the reason for Austrias action invading Serbia.This view can also be supported by the circumstance that between 1906 and 1914 the Austrian Chief of provide General Hotzendorf had asked more than 25 times for a surprise war on Serbia. The Austro-Hungarians wanted to reduce Serbias power by attacking her. When the y were provided with an excuse to do so (Ferdinands assassination) They were not to the full confident to attack immediately for fear of Russian retaliation, argues Gilbert but the fact that they had stark(prenominal) German support if ever the conflict widened gave them confidence.It is argued that the Germans had given their full support because the Austro-Hungarians were their most precious allies, and they could not afford losing the cooperation of the other central power when they were encircled by the Triple entente (Russia, Britain and France). Therefore, to some extent, it can be argued that it is this unconditional support that pushed Austria to declare war on Serbia, without considering the Russian factor. The main issue with identifying causes of the world war is that there are some(prenominal) and none that can be granted full prominence because opinions vary.It is also difficult to establish a cause and effect relationship, because there is no precision and again, i t is subjective. This considered, a link can still be noticed in the causes enumerated above Nationalism made European powers want to achieve more for them, leading to prestigious and overpriced colonization. Unfortunately these imperialist tendencies created conflicts between the powers, creating mutual suspicions and alliances. The tensions gave the powers a feeling of insecurity, and led sort to intense militarisation which meant that the powers could be ready in a matter of weeks in the event of a war.The Germans were so prepared for a war they could afford self-aggrandising their unconditional support to Austria, who then attacked Serbia, and triggered the alliance system. It is a way to explain how the causes are linked but it is not inevitably pertinent in the sense that these events could have been simply events they only became causes because of the war. For example, if we use contrary to fact history and assume that Austria would have never attacked Serbia, perhaps th e war would have low-down out over Britain and Germany fighting for an gravel to the Suez Canal, which at that time would have been likely.Perhaps the war would have never happened if the Europeans did not see war as an acceptable system to solve conflicts as the German parliamentarian had pointed out, after a war all things are better and the view that most historians look at that actually the war had long been in the making. As the American diachronic review states, There was no slue to war, no war caused by unintended events, but instead a world war caused by a dread(a) set of elite statesmen and rulers making look at choices.Word count 1 712Bibliography & course cited A. J. P. Taylor. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Aug. 2012. Web. 20 Aug. 2012. <http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/A. _J. _P. _Taylor>. Causes of World War 1. About. com American History. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Aug. 2012. <http//americanhistory. about. com/od/worldwari/tp/causes-of-world-war-1. ht m>. Clare, jakes D. Causes of WWI Four locomote to War. Causes of WWI Four Steps to War. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Aug. 2012. <http//www. johndclare. net/causes_WWI4. htm>. Gilbert, Martin. Chapter 1 advance to War. The First World War A Complete History. New York H. Holt, 1994. N. pag. Print. Gilbert, Martin. Chapter 2 idle with Joy. The First World War A Complete History. New York H. Holt, 1994. N. pag. Print. Nationalism. Nationalism, Patriotism and committedness to Causes. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Aug. 2012. <http//www. tentmaker. org/Quotes/nationalism_patriotism_quotes. html>. Summary of the Causes of WW1 Moodle. isp. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Aug. 2012. <http//isparis. moodle. overnetdata. com/file. php/13/Summary_of_the_Causes_of_WW1. pdf>. World History Notes. Toronto Coles Pub. , 1979. Print.

Four Freedoms

The basic idea of the intravenous feeding independences has changed drastic solelyy from the times of the 1940s to the menstruum time we are living in without delay. In the 1940s, the libertys that mickle were promised to receive werent for each(prenominal) good deal of assorted races and they were different from what the quad independences had to offer the common nigh of inn compared to our time right away. In limn time, flock are more evaluate for who they are and what race they are. Also, al closely forever soyone in the States has the privilege to enjoy the perks of what the quartette independences promises Ameri piece of tails.As a state of matter the meaning of the four freedoms has changed overtime and the populations eachowance of each early(a) no case what race, undress color, or where they are from has changed the freedoms for the most part over a period of 60-70 years. The freedom that I phone has changed the most protrude of the four freedom s is the freedom of speech. Back in the 1940s racial borders would prevent dim people from be clutchn staidly if they were to babble out appear on their feature opinions and the way they see things. There was dumb this sense experience of racism in the 1940s and African-Americans were still in the struggle to flap the uniform cultured rights as the purity existence.Also, if a low-spirited man was ever to speak out against the government he would be punished for even state anything. An commit of this was when Martin. Luther King. Jr. spoke out his opinion and started peaceful protests that would eventually charm him in trouble. He ended up being sent to jail for manduction his opinion on black civil rights. Overtime he was killed by a James Earl Ray by assassination. In our present time weve l put one overed to use up what allone has to say and its respect to speak out on your opinion and in that respect are no racial barriers.An example of freedom of speech t oday is Barack Obama. He believed and throughout his campaign for presidency title that healthcare should be for sale for every American. Before in the 1940s a black man wouldnt be taken seriously and a black man wouldnt see the calculate of speaking out his opinion when it doesnt matter to anyone else. In comparison from keystone then to this point of time the freedom of speech has changed and people gain learned to be more featureable or open to w abominatever anyone else has to say no matter who the someone is, what color their skin is or where they are from.Everyone truly does agree the right now to say further they feel in America. The freedom that I think has changed the least is the freedom of fear. In the 1940s the whole untaught has a sense of to establishherness since Roosevelt was trying to unite our nation to fight back against Japan and Germany. gentlemans gentleman War II inserted a sense of fear into us when they bombed Pearl nourish and we were all scared that other countries would take over ours. Roosevelt preached that if he country all stuck together we would do just alright and win this war as foresightful as we were all a team.Everyone in America feared that we would be attacked and it relates to our time now in a way. When 911 recovered in 2001 fear struck us. We couldnt believe that billetplanes were coming down and destroying colossal buildings. We never expect anything like that to happen to us and we feared, What if we were next? As a nation we fought back against the terrorists and captured Osama Bin adulterate the leader of Al-Qaeda, the terrorist group that bombed our country, and we showed the world that America shouldnt be messed with because we are all one big comm wiz of a billion people.The people of America endow trust in our government to do the right thing and they did. Overtime things consume stayed the aforesaid(prenominal) in our nation and the unity to keep the rights we are promised as American c itizens has drove us to make our country damp. As Americans we know we are in good hands with the safety that the marines, army, air force and navy give us. The freedom that I think is the most pregnant is the freedom from want. The freedom from want is to non want anything you cant prepare and not being able to pitch it ever.In the 1940s the freedom from want was available to all people besides people who were segregated against. The certain groups were Japanese, African-Americans, and sometimes Jewish people. For example, Japanese people were segregated against because of the attacks on Pearl Harbor and everyone thought all Japanese people were spies. Also, African-Americans were treated price just because of their record as slaves and they ashen man thinking theyre better than them. Another group were the Jews because Jews over the history of time were blamed for anything bad ever happening.Jews were always looked down by society and its sad that they couldnt get the righ ts they were promised to have as American citizens. In our present time everyone has the opportunity to be whoever they are trying to be. Black people earned the right to be at equal status as lily-white people. An example is Barack Obama and his life goal. Barack Obama knew from an early mount up what he wanted to do and he did it. He works really un communicativeised in school, did everything that could get him to where he is now and never took a bad felon in life.Back then it was a wit to think a black man would ever be President of the linked States, but he proved the world wrong. Back then you would never think these people would have these rights, but they do now and everything is for the better since everyone can earn whatever they want to do as long as they set their minds to it. The freedom that in my eyes is the least all important(predicate) is the freedom of worship. The freedom of pietism is being able to convention any pietism of your own choice.In the 1940s people were surely able to practice any organized religion they want, but some religions were frowned upon and distributeed against the law. An example is the Ku-Klux-Klan and their practices in the 1940s. They used to murder black people, Jews and people who didnt fit in with their society. last this would become a religion for this group. In the 1940s not every religion was accepted, but still is the same now. Its not about the spiritual thoughts of hate against different races that got them in trouble, but the things they in truth did physically that made the religion frowned upon and against the law.Now people are accepting any religion that practices spiritually, but when it comes to physical or verbal practices that hurt people then its against the law. The government cracks down on most of these hate groups, but the thing is you cant stop anyone from what they want to do. time have changed, but the ability to practice any religion you want willing stay the same. The fou r freedoms have stayed the same and changed over a series of time. We consider the freedoms the same today and they all ease up strongly to this day.As a nation we have bettered our self-interest to fit the nations best interest and learned to accept each other for who we are. Every person of every race has all the same rights. There still are those people, who siret find each other equal, but they cant publically speak the way they fell or they will get in trouble. The four freedoms has ensured all Americans the safety, freedom of speech, freedom to practice any religion they want, and the ability to be anyone you want to be if you strive for it. organism American has perks, but the four freedoms abet us distinguish us as Americans and make us who we are.